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Computer Fundamentals

sDKo"6/ sf] kl/ro ( intrdoction to computer)

sDKo"6/ eg]sf] Pp6f law'lto oGq xf]. h;n] cToGt} pRra]udf k|of]ustf{n] lbPsf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/L glthf k|:t't ug{ / 8f6f e08f/ ug{ sf] nfuL k|of]u ul/G5. computer pwf}u / Aofkf/ ,lrlsT; / :jf:Yo lzIff, ;~rf/ , cGtl/If, k|lalw, /Iff, ;ËLt / dgf]/~hg cfbLdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. computer df input af6 lbPsf] sdf08 jf lgb]{zg nfO{ cpu n] pRr a]uultdf k|;f]wg ul/ dlg6/df b]vfp5. sDKo"6/ df ( mouse, monitor,keybord, system unit, printer cfbL k5{.

sDKo"6/sf] laz]iftfx?M

Speed:-

sDKo"6/n] s'g}klg sfd cToGt} pRr ult df ug{;S5. h;n] ubf{ h:tf] ;'s} ;d:of klg ;lhn} ;Fu o;n] ;dfwfg ul/lbG5. o;n] Ps ;]s]08df s/8f}F lgb]{zgx? Kffngf ul//x]sf] x'G5. o;sf] cfwf/df sDKo'6/sf] d'No lgwf{0f ul/Psf] x'G5. o;sf] sfo{Ifdtf gfKg ldnL ;]s]08, dfOqmf] ;]s]08, gfgf] ;]s]08, lksf] ;]s]08 cfbL PsfOx?df gfKg] ul/G5.

Unite of time

meaning

Part of second

In the power of 10

millisecond

th ousandth of a second

1/1000

10 ^-3 second

micro second

millionths of a second

1/1000000

10 ^-6 second

nanosecond

thousend million of a second

1/1000000000

10 ^-9 second

picosecond

million millionths of a second

1/1000000000000

10 ^-12 second

Storage:-

Storage eg]sf] data x?nfO{ cfaZos k/]sf] v08df x]g{ ;lsg] u/L nfdf] ;do;Dd ;'/lIft ;fy /fVg] 7fFp nfO Storage elgG5. sDKo'6/ leq primary / secondary storage x? x'G5g\. Primary df ram (hard disk) nfO a'l´G5. eg] secondary storage df eg] pendrive, floppy, cd rom cfbL kb{5. o;sf] data c6\g] Ifdtfsf] gfkug{ afO6x? (byte),lsnf]afO6;, d]ufafO6;, luufafO6; h:tf PsfOx? k|of]u ul/G5. :k:6 ;+u a'‰gsf] nflu tnsf] tflnsf x]g{'xf];\.

Storage unit

In power of 2

Bytes

1 kilo Byte

2¹⁰

1024 Bytes

1 mega Byte

2²⁰

1024 Kilo Bytes

1 Giga Byte

2³⁰

1024 mega Byte

1 Tera Byte

2⁴⁰

1024 Giga Byte

Automatic:-

Computer Ps k6s data jf lgb]{zgx|? lbPkl5 o;n] Automatic sfdx? ug{ ;Sg]] agfpg ;lsG5. o;sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ data / program set u/] kl5. Computer nfO cfjZos cg';f/ sfdx? nufO /fVg ;lsG5. h:t} pbfxf0fsf] nflu a}+s, b'/;~jf/ , 6«flkms nfO6 cfbL.

Accurancy:-

sDo"6/n] slxn} klg ulNt ub}{g t/ k|of]u stf{n] unt cfb]z k|f]u|fd jf unt ;;;;;;;;;; ;'q jf unt cfb];z lbPdf dfq unt glthf lbG5. gq eg] Computer n] ztk|ltzt z'4 glthf lbG5.

Diligence:-

Computer n] sfd ubf{ clt nuglzn eo/ sfd u5{. Sfd lbof] eg] sfd k'/fgeP ;Dd Ps} gf;n] z'4glthf Nofpg pRr a]usdf lagf /f]sfa6 sfd ul//G5. t/ dflg;nfO eg] Ps l5g sfd uof] eg] ysfO nfUg], clN5 x'g] sfd l9nf] x'g] / uNtL x'g] a9L ;Defagf ePsf]n] Computer sf] dxTj a9\b} uPsf] 5.

Versatllity:-

Computer n] h'g;'s} sfd klg ug{ ;S5. h:t}} lx;fa ug{,n]v 5fKg, tYofÍ x? lgsfNg, u|fkm lvRg, gS;f sf]g{, kmf]6f] lvRg, /f]u kl/If0f ug{, j}1flgs sfo{ df k|of]u ug{, a}+lsË sfo{ug{, internet rnfpg] cfbL sfdsf] nfuL pko'Qm d]lzg sf] ?kdf lnOG5.

sDKo"6/ sf] Oltxf;\. (Histry of Computer)

#))) la ; eGbf klxn] w]/} lrlgofF businessman x?n] w]/} d]l;g x? pTkfbg ul/;s]sf] lyof]. To; sf] ;a} agfa6 abacus df ub{lyof]. To;kl5 india, japan / cGo klZrd b]zx? Nf] klg 500 B.S. To:t} k|sf/sf] d]l;g pTkfbg u/]. 600 b.s. df hindu, indian society n] 123…ul/ 9 natural number system kTtf nufP. Iraqi mathematicion alkhwarismi n] 0 number system sf] kTtf nufof]. To;kl5 combitnation sf] b'O{ l;:6d binary number system df clled ul/of]. o:tf] d]lzg x? sf] lasf;df w]/} bfz{lgs a}1flgs, ul0ft zf:qL , k|f]u|fd/x? sf] 7'nf] k|of; / of]ubfg /x]sf] kfO{G5.

cGt/fli6«o lasf; s|dx?

Pjfs; (abacus) 200 B.C :-

5000 aif{ eGbf cl3 u0fgf ug{ jf hf]8 / 36fp ug{ sf] nflu Pjfs; sf] k|of]u ul/Gyof]. Cem} klg P;sf] k|of]u st} st} ePsf] kfO{G5. Pafs; df x]dg (heven) / cy{ ( earth) ul/ b'O{ efudf x'G5g\. h;df dflyNnf] efu x]dg / tNnf] efudf cy{ earth x'G5. X]dg df @ j6f dfnf plgPsf] x'G5. eg] tn % j6f dfnf plgPsf] x'G5. Hevwn / earth nfO{ centerl baar n] 5'6\ofPsf] x'G5.

John napier :-

John napier gfds sky land mathematician n] 1614 AD lt/ logarithmtabel sf] lasf; u¥of]. bzj6f nfdf] nfdf] x8\8L 4f/f tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof]. To;kl5 1617 df w]/} k|sf/sf] o:tf d]l;gsf] lasf; u¥of]. h;df mathematical problems x? efu / u'0fg ug{ ;lslGyof].

Willam oughtred:-

Lalnod cf}h6/]8 n] ;g !^@) df j]nfotsf] willam oughtred gfds j}1flgs n] napier’s john n] agfPsf] nul/od 6]an sf] cfwf/df lx;fa ug{] d]l;g sf] cfla:sf/ ul/of]. h'g d]l;g nfO{ :nfO{8 ?n ( slide ruler) elgof]. O;l/ agfPsf] d]l;g sf] k|of]u laz]if ul/ Oglhlgo/, If]qd} l;ldt eof].

Lrq #

Blaise pascal:-

1642 ad df w]/} k|sf/sf] machine sf] lasf; eO;s]sf] lyof]. To;} ;do df km|flG;;L An]/ kf:sn ( french scientist ) n] d]sflgsn SnfNs'n]6/ sf] (mechanical calculater sf] cfla;sf/ u/]. O;df ul0flto ;d:of sf] ;dwfg ug{. Hff]8 / 36fp h:tf sf]l8ª\ (coding ) pascl machine df hDdf ul/of].

Lrq 4

n]AgLh :6]/8 SofNs'n]6/ (leibnizis stepped calculater)

gottrified wilhen vonleibniz n] blaise pascal n] ;g !(&! Df hd{g n] agf/6\h Sofns'n]6/ ( leitniz’s calculators ) agfPsf] lyof]. Klxnf hf]8 / 36fp ;Dd dfq ug{ ;lsg] calculators nfO{ lasf; u/L u'0fg / efu ug{ ;lsg] calculators nfO{ lasf; u/L u'0fg / efu ug{ ;Sg] machine sf] lasf; ul/Psf] lyof]. H;sf calculator sf] gfd stepped rocknor /flvPsf] lyof]. To;kl5 o;} nfO{ gfd kl/jt{g u/]/ leibnitz’s calculator /flvPsf] lyof]. Klg kf:sns} l;4fGt cg';f/ sfd ub{5.

h]Sjf8{ sf] n'd ( jacquard’s loom)

km|fG;sf] hf];]km d]l/ h]Sjf8{ joseph marie jacquard n] ;g !*)! Df sk8fsf] tfg a'Gg] tfgdf /fVg] k~rsf8{ punch card sf] lasf; u¥of] pQm d]l;g af6 wfuf] l5/fO{ a'g]sf] sk8f df a'§fx? Agfpg k|of]u ul/Gyof]. h'g jfO{g/L k|0ffnL ( binaory system ) sf] cfwfl/t lyof]. To;}n] o;nfO{ klxnf] program mablre n] oGq sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5.

Pgflnl6sn OlGhg (analytical engine)

Charles babbage n] difference engine df w]/} ;do ;Dddf sfd ul/;s]kl5 pgn] ;g !*## df csf]{ Pgflnl6sn OlGhg ( analytical engine) sf] cfla:sf/ u/]. h'g laZjsf] klxnf] k"0f{?kn] programmable sDKo"6/ lyof]. o:tf] sDKo"6/ df jfO{gl/ l8lh6 (bit) sf] klxnf] k6s k|of]u ug{] JoflFQm sf] ?kdf lrlgG5. o;} bits nfO{ clxn] ;Dd s;}n] klg kljt{g ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g. To; kl5 ahf/df w]/} yl/sf computer cfO{;s]sf] 5. To;} sf/0fn] cfh pgnfO{ sDKo"6/ sf] lktf father of computer scince sf] ?kdf lrlgG5.

Babbage machanical computer ports

Modern computer ports

Input

In put devices

Output

Store

Memory

Mill

c.p.u

n]l8 cu:6f P08 nen];

(lady augusta ada love lace)

RffN;{ afa]h sf] ;kgf k'0f{ geO{ pgsf] d[To"kl5 p;sf] cfla:sf/ nfO{ ;dy{g ub}{ RffN;{ afa]hn] agfPsf] Pglnl6sn OlGhg nfO{ ;g !*$* ;fn lt/ agugusta ada love lace gfds program agfP/ Pglnl6sn O{lGhg nfO{ rnfO{lbPsf lyP. To;}n] pgnfO{ laZjsf] copmuter programer eg]/ lrlgG5.

Xd{g xf]lnl/o ( dr. herman hollerith)

hd{g af6 ;o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf df a;fO{ ;/]sf 8f xd{g xf]lnl/o n] ;g !**& df k|lt ldg]6 df @)) cf]6f k~rsf8{ sf] k9]/ 5'6\ofpg ;Sg] k~rsf8{ 6]a'n]l6ª d]]l;g ( punched card tabumlating machine ) agfPsf lYP. Nfueu !()) ad lt/ of] machine a}1flgs If]q, b'/ ;~rf/ laefudf oy]:6 k|of]u eof]. ;g !*(^ df dr. herman n] tabullating machine sf] sDklgsf] :yfkgf u/]. ;g !(@$ df tabullating machine sDklgn] @ j6f sDklg ;Fu ldn]/ cGt/fli6«o Jofkf/ d]l;g (I b m) aGg k'Uof]. H; dWo clxn] ;Dd laZjsf] rlr{t 7'nf] computer pTkfbg sDklgsf] ?kdf lrGg ;lsG5.

Dffs{ ! (mark –I)

;oQm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] dr howard aiken n] dfs{ eGg] c6f]d]l6s lx;fa ug{ ;Sg] laZjf] d} klxnf] k6s sDKo6/ agfP/ rfN;{ afa]h sf] ;kgfk/f ul/lbP. of] laZjs} klxnf] Onf]S6f]d]sflgsn sDKo6/ ( electnonciechaical computer) xf]. of] cfsf/ df lgs} 7nf] lyof]. o;sf] ;fOh %! Lkm6 nDafO{ # lkm6 rf}8fO{ /x]sf] lyof]. 8f6f e08f/ sf] nflu !*)) Eofsd 6\oj;\ x? ( vacuum tubes) sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof].

On]S6«f]lgs God]l/sn OlG6u|]6/ / SofNsn]6/( electronic numerical integrator & calculator)

John mauchlay / john presper ecokert n] eniac gfdsf] sDKo6/ ;g !($^ df agfPsf] lyof]. of] laZjsf] On]Sl6sn sDKo6/ dWo] klxnf] xf]. o;nfO{ 8]l;dn gDa/ l;:6d sf] cfwfl/t lyof]. o;n] nueu #))) au{ lkm6 hlt If]qkmn cf]u6\5. O;df !*)) Eofs'd 6\o'jx? / #) 6g tf}n, ^),))) l:jrx? / nueu *),))) ;fgf ;fgf electronic ;fdfgx? ePsf] cTofGt 7'nf] sDKo'6/ lyof].

P6gf;f]km a]l/ sDKo6/ ( atanasoft bery computer)

h] lz P6gf;f]km a}1flgs n] ;g !($@ df cfˆg} gfdsf] P6gf;f]km a]l/ sDKo6/ P la l; agfPsf lyP. o;df klg d]df]l/sf] ?kdf Eofs'd 6\o'jx? Gf} k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof].

g]kfndf sDKo6/ Oltxf;\(history of computer in nepal)

g]kfndf sDKo6/ sf] k|of]u ePsf] w}/} ePsf] 5}g. la z @)!* ;fndf] tYofÍ l/kf]6{ tof/ ug{ tYofÍ laefu n] fact gfds SofNsn]6/ k|of]u ubf{ ^ aif{ ^ dlxgf nfu]sf] lyof]. Tolt v]/ g]kfnsf] hg;Vof w]/} lyPg. Yff]/} hg;Vof x'bf klg l7nf] laj/0f cfpg] x'bf Toltv]/ k~ralif{o of]hgf ;d]t /f]lsPsf] lyof]. slt kP lhNnf sf] tYofª\s ;d]t ;lx cfPsf] lyPg.

;lx 8f6f lgsfNg sf] nflu ;d:of ePsf] n]. la ; @)@% ;fndf g]kfnsf] ;/sf/n] ibm 1401 gfd u/]sf] sDKo'6/ ? ! nfv @% xhf/df bf];|f] k':tfsf] sDKo'6/ g]kfn df ;a{k|yd leqosf] lyof]. o; af6 tyfª\s laa/0f lgsfNg ! aif{ & dlxgf !% lbg nfu]sf] lyof]. hals Tolt a]nf g]kfnsf] hg;FVof !s/f]8 !@ nfv %) xhf/ lyof]. g]kfnsf] hg;Vof a9\b} hfg yfn] kl5 la ; @)#* ;fnsf] hg;Vof sf] hgu0fgf ug{ sf] nflu j]nfot af6 icl 2950/10 gfd sf] sDKo'6/ ylkPsf] lyof]. o;l/ g} sDKo'6/ sf] lasf; s|d df @)$* ;fnsf] hg;Vof u0fgf micro computer af6 ;Dkg ug{ ;Id ePsf] kfO{G5. sDKo'6/ ;F~rfng ug{ 4If hgzlQm agfpg] p2]Zon] j]nfot sf] /fli6«o sDKo'6/ s]Gb«sf] sd{rfl/ x?nfO{ tflnd / lzIff lbg graduecte, post graduecte/ diploma ;Ddsf] pkflw lbPsf] lyof]. To;kl5 cfˆg} JoflQut k|of;df laBfyL{x? sDKo6/ cWofg sf] nflu ef/t, cd]l/sf h:tf lasl;t b]zx? Dff hfg yfn].

@)#( la ; ;fn kl5 g]kfndf apple, vector, sirus h:tf sDKo6/ x? g]kfndf lelqg yfn]kl5 g]kfndf sDKo6/ sf] las|L lat/0f ;fy} kl/If0f lbg] p2]Zon] cc, msps,ds h:tf ;:tfx? Vff]Ng yfn]. g]kfndf a}Í,b/;~rf/, sd{rfl/ ;~rosf]if , lqejg laZjlaBfno kl/If0f lgoGq0f sfo{nodf , laBt k|flws/0f df, sf/vfgf nufPt laleGg ;:yfx?df sDKo6/ sf] k|of]u a9\b} uO{/x]sf] 5. clxn] g]kfndf sDKo6/ sf] laqmL lat/0f d{dt tyf k|lzIf0f lbg] bIf JoflQm x? lta|?kdf a9]sf] kfOG5. To;} n] ubf{ g]kfndf xhf/} ;F:yf vf]ln;s]sf] 5. / :sn jf sn]hdf klg sDKo6/ lzIff nfO{ P]lR5s laifo agfP/ k7g kf7g e}/x]sf] 5. g]kfn df it college / cyber law ;d]t nfu eO{;s]sf] 5.

Computer Generation:-

Computer Generation eg]sf] To:tf] o'u xf]. h'g ;dodf Pp6f laz]; lgDg leGgtf b]vf k¥of] . To;}sf] cfwf/df sDKo'6/ nfO{ lgDg lk+9L df laefhg ul/of]. h'g tnsf] tflnsf df lbPsf] 5.

sDKo'6/sf] lk9LF

;do cjlw

k|lalwsf] gfd

k|f]u|fldË efiff

k|f];]l;Ë ult

Klxnf]

1946-1948

Dofs'd 6\o"j

d]lzgn]dg

ldln ;]s]08

bf];|f]

1959-1964

6«flGh:6/

P];Djln

ldlg ;]s]08

t];|f]

1965-1974

OlG6u|]6]8 ;ls{6

xfOn]jn

dfOqmf] ;]s]08

Rff}Fyf]

1975-1990

dfOqmf] lrK;

Gofgf] ;]s]08

KffFrf}

1991-clxn] ;Dd

Jffof] lrK;

lksf] ;]s]08

Computer sf] ljefhg

Computer sf] size x?

Analog computer:-

Analog computer o:tf] computer xf]. h;n] ef}lts dfgx? h:t} tfks|d, rfk , ef]N6]h s/]G6 cfbL gfKg sf] Analog computer k|of]u ul.G5.

Digital computer:-

Digital computer df ( o / I ) jfOg/L l8lh6n df cfwfl/t sDo"6/nfO{ digital computer elgG5.

h;n] s'g} klg gfk gfKg'sf] ;§f ;++Vof uGg] sfd ub{5.

Hybrid computer:-

Analog computer / Digital computer n] ug]{ sfd Pp6} computer n] ug]{ ;Sg] u/L jgfPsf] computer nfO{ Hybrid computer elgG5. Of] c:ktfn, sf/vfgf, xjfO{hxfh, j}1flgs sfo{zfnf cfbL df h8fg ul/Psf] x'G5.

Super computer:-

Super computer of] computer ;a} eGbf zlQmzfln computer xf]. o;sf] ;O{h (size) 7'nf] / k|f];]l;ª ult klg lgs} a9L x'G5. of] vf; u/L j}1flgs cg';Gwfgx? Dff /flvG5.

Mini computer:-

Mini computer of] micro computer eGbf cfsf/ 7'nf] x'Gg / ult / sfo{ ug]{ Ifdtf klg a9L x'G5. Mini computer ljzfn zlQmzfln / cg]sf} sfo{ ug]{ Ifdtf ePsf] x'gfn] o;df b"O{j6f cpu k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5.

o;sf] Ram / harddisk sf] d]df]/L klg w]/} x'G5.

Micro computer:-

Micro computer clxn] dflg;x? ;a} eGbf a9L k|of]u df cfO{/x]sf] computer xf]. of] ;a} eGbf ;fgf] cfsf/ ePsf] computer xf]. o; sf] size ;fgf] ePsf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ k;{gn sDo"6/ (p.c) klg elgG5. p.c sf] t'ngfdf laptop ;a}eGbf ;fgf] computer xf].

main frame computer:-

main frame computer cfotgsf] lx;fa af6 klg lgs} 7'nf] x'G5. o;n] Psxhf/ ju{ lkm6 7fFp cf]u6\5. main frame computer lgs} zltzfln / k|f];]l;ª ult lgs} a9L ePsf]

sDo"6/ xf]. o;jf6 Ps}k6s $)) / %)) cf]6f sDo"6/ 6ld{gndf data /fVg jf data k|f];]l;ª ug{ ;lsG5. o;sf] d'No klg c? computer eGbf a9L 5. o;n] ;Dk"0f{ g]6jls{ª\df efu lng ;Sb5.

IBM:

;g\ 1924 df ;Fo'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf df :yfkgf ePsf] IBM ( international business machine ) sDklg sf] pTkfbg u/]sf] computer x? h:t} ldlg , dfOqmf] computer nfO{ IBM computer elgG5.o; sDklgn] agfPsf] mini / micro computer nfO{ IBM pc elgG5.

IBM pc sf] cy{ international Business machine personal computer xf]. IBM company n] pTkfbg u/]sf] h:tf] ;'s} computer nfO{ kln IBM brand sf] computer elgG5. of] ;a} eGbf alnof] , dxFuf] / u'0f:tl/o ePsf]n] cfh;Dd klg laZjs} Pp6f k|Voft 7'nf] computer pTkfbg ug]{ sDklgsf] ?kdf rlr{t 5.

IBM Compatible:

IBM compatible computer sf] ;Dk'0f{ l;4fGtx? k|of]u ul/ lgdf0f{ ul/Psf] micro computer nfO{ IBM compatible computer elgG5. IBM computer df k|of]u x'g] ;a} software o;df k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. of] computer IBM pc eGbf IBM compatible computer sf] price sd k5{.

Apple/ Macintosh:

;g\ 1976 df cd]l/sf df :yfkgf ePsf] apple sDklgn] pTkfbg u/]sf] computer nfO apple computer elgG5. IBM company sf] eGbf leGg ;f]r / 5'6} cl:tTj sfod ug{] p2]Zon] hardware & software pTkfbg ug{] /fd|f] company sf] ?kdf lrlgof]. o;sf] cfwf/df design ul/ IBM computer agfP. o;n] pTkfbg jf agfpsf] software ;lhnf], / u'0f:tl/o 5g\. apple company n] bf];|f] k6s agfPsf] computer nfO{ macintosh elgPsf] xf]. of] computer b]jgful/ / j8{ k|f];]l;Ësf nflu ;a} eGbf a9L k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5.

XT (Extended Technology)

XT( Extended Technology ) model eGgfn] 8080,8086 / 8088 micro processor k|of]u ul/ agfPsf] klxnf] k':tfsf] k;{gn computer nfO{ a'lemG5. o; model sf] computer clt l9nf]/ lgs} sd 8f6f e08f/ ug{] Ifdtf ePsf] computer lyof]. o;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ dflg;x? n] k|of]u ug{ 5f]8]kl5 of] company la:tf/} aGb eof].

AT ( Advanced Technology):

AT model sf] computer eGgfn] 80286,80386,80486 / 80586 sf] micro processor k|of]u ul/ tof/ kfl/Psf] computer nfO{ a'lemG5. Of] computer XT model eGbf lgs} ;'lawfo'Qm clt l56f] rNg] / w]/} datd x? e08f/ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf] computer xf]. cfhsfn k|of]u ul/g] computer x? AT Brand sf x'G5. 80586 model sf computer nfO{ k]lG6od elgG5. o; model sf] computer nfO{ speed tyf RAM sf] size sf] cfwf/df Pentium 1,2,3,4 ul/ gfd /flvPsf] 5.

PS/2 (personal system -2)

IBM company n] ;g\ 1990 df lgdf0f{ u/]sf] t];|f] model sf] micro computer xf]. h;nfO{ personal system /2 eg]/ gfd /fv]sf] lyof]. personal system /2 computer df AT computer df eGbf lgs} Advanced architectural k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5. Personal system /2 computer AT computer eGbf lgs} l56f], e/kbf]{ / w]/} kmª\;g ePsf] x'G5. o; model sf] csf]{ gofF computer laptop computer xf]. o; k|sf/sf] model sf] computer n] gofF version sf software nfO{ run ug{ ;S5.

Personal system /2 computer

Type of computer

Minimum size of RAM

Processing speed

No of floppy

Hard disk

640 KB

8 MHz

640KB

10MHz

Yes

AT268

1.2MB

16 MHz

Yes

AT386

4MB

25 MHz

Yes

AT486

8MB

63 MHz

Yes

AT pentium1

16MB

200-233 MHz

Yes

AT pentium2

32MB

450 MHz

1+CD drive

Yes

AT pentium3

128 MB

500-1300 MHz

1+ CD RW

Yes

AT pentium4

256MB-1GB …other

1.4-3.6 MHz

1+ DVD RW

Yes

Striped Right Arrow: Chapter 2 Hardware & software

Introduction to Hardware:-

Hardware eGgfn] computer sf] xfd|f] cfvfF n] b]Vg / To;nfO{ xftn] 5f]P/ 5'6fpg ;lsg] hlt ;a} kf6{k'hf{ nfO{ ( mechanical parts ) nfO{ hardware elgG5. Computer sf] hardware n] software n] lbPsf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ sfd u5{. h:t} monitor n] input af6 lbPsf] data x? nfO{ cpu n] k|zf]wg ul/sf] data nfO{ monitor df b]vfp5. Printer n] monitor df b]lvPsf] data nfO{ copy df 5fKg] sfd u5{. Speaker n] lutx? ;'Gg jf xfd|f] cfjh nfO{ 7'nf] ef]nd df cfjh lbg] sfd speaker n] u5{. Scanner n] copy / hardcover df ePsf] data nfO{ electronic data df abGg] sfd u5{. Hardware cGtu{t input device / output device kb{5. Hardware eg]sf] computer leq /x]sf] physical parts x?nfO{ hardware elgG5. o;df input devivce, output device, storage device x'Gf5g\.

Input device:-

Input device eGgfn] computer df input device lagf computer ;~rfng ug{ ;lsb}g To:tf] device nfO{ input device elgG5. Input device df keyboard, mouse, hard disk, floppy disk , microphone, scanner , pc camera , CD drive h:tf device x? input device df k5{.

Keybord:-

Inputdevice sf] dxTjk"0f{ device sf] ?kdf keybord nfO{ lnG5. o;af6 data type u/]/ data tyf lgb]{zg lbg k|of]u ul/G5.

Mouse:-

sDo"6/sf] :lqmgdf b]vfkg]{ s;{/ nfO{ otfptf ;fg{ , u|flk|ms l8hfO{g sf] sfd ubf{ cfbL k|of]u ug{ mouse sf] k|of]u ul/G5.

Scanner

Scanner klg input device dWo] Pp6f xf]. h;n] h'g;'s} 6]:6 jf u|flkmS; nfO{ kmf]6f]skL u/L On]S6«f]lgs 8f6fsf] ?kdf computer leq k7fpg] sfd u5{.

Output device:-

sDo"6/ df data x?nfO{ k|;f]wg u/L z'4glthf lbgsf] nfuL k|of]u ul/G5. o;df moniter, printer, macrophone, speker, cfbL k5{..

Moniter:-

moniter xfldn] lkmlnd x]g{, input n] lbPsf] sfdx? Cpu n] k|;f]wg u/L k7fPsf] data x]g{ sf] nfuL k|of]u ul/G5.

Printer:-

Data x?nfO{ paper df 5fKg sf] nfuL k|of]u ul/G5.

Speker:-

Speker lutx? ;'Ggsf] nflu speaker sf] k|of]u ul/G5.

Introduction to Software:-

Software eg]sf] computer sf] hardware sf] kf6k'hf{ nfO{ sfd ug{sf] nflu lbg] lgb]{zg x? (instructions) sf] ;d'x? nfO{ k|f]u|fd program elgG5. To:tf k|f]u|fd x? sf] ;d'x nfO{ software elgG5. h:t} computer sf] hard disk df data x? nfO{ storage ul/ /fVgsf] nfufpg], CD,DVD nfO{ read / write ug{ nufpg], computer sf] data nfO{ printer af6 paper df print ug{ nufpg] h:tf sfdx? software n] u5{. Software eg] sf] computer / computer k|of]u stf{ larsf] dfWod sf] k|f]u|fd g} software xf] h;n] sDo"6/ nfO{ s'g} klg sfo{ s'g tl/sf n] ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] lj:t[t ?kdf hfgsf/L lbG5. Software nfO{ b'O{efu df laefhg ug{;lsG5.

System software:-

system software Pp6f o:tf] program xf]. h;n] computer sf] ;Dk"0f{ system nfO{ ;~rfng ug{ / lgoGq0f ug{] sfd u5{. To;nfO{ system software elgG5. System software n] computer / applaction software sf] lardf a;]/ bf]ef;]sf] ?kdf sfd ul//x]sf] x'G5. Applaction software n] sfd ug{sf] nflu klg system software sf] cfjZostf kb{5.

System software eGgfn] lgb]{zgx?sf] To:tf] program xf]. h;n] computer sf] ;+rfng / lgoGq0f ;u ;DjGw /fv]/ sfd u5{. h;nfO{ ltg efudf lgefhg ug{ ;lsG5. o;df operating system software, languge software,utility software cfbL k5{.

Operating system:-

Operating system eGgfn] s'g} klg computer ;F~rfng ug{sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ software nfO{ operating software elgG5. h:t} win xp,win2000,2003,2007,vista,win95,98 cflb software x? nfO{ operating software elgG5.

Languages processor:-

Computer nfO{ sfd u/fpgsf] nflu computer n] a'‰g] efiff df lgb]{zg lbg'k5{ h;nfO{ language processor elgG5. Language processor n] QBasic, fortran, cobol, pascal, algol,c,c+,c++,h:tf Highlevel sf] efiff k|of]u ul/ k|f]u|fd x? agfpg sf] k|of]u ul/G5. Xfldn] af]Ng] efiff computer n] a'‰b}g xfldn] keyboard af6 tpye u/]sf] cIf/ sf] klg code x'G5. Tof] code binary code lagf computer ;F~rfng x'g ;Sb}g. binary code df hDdf b'O{ cIf/ n] ag]sf] x'G5. Tof] 0 / 1 xf]. o;s} cfwf/df cIf/ x? sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf].

Application software :-

Application software eGgfn] computer k|of]ustf{ sf] cfjZostf nfO{ Wofg df /flv s'g} lglZrt sfd ug{sf] nflu computer programer n] tof/ kf/]sf] software nfO{ application software elgG5. Application software n] k|of]u stf{ / system software lardf interface sf] ?kdf sfd ul/lbP/ computer user nfO{ lglZrt sfd ug{ cg'dlt lbG5. h:t} photoshop, freehand, pagemaker h:tf software x? applaction software xf]. of] software JoflQm, ;+3;+:yf , :s'n, j}+sx? Dff sfd ug{sf] nflu agfO{Psf] software xf]. of] klg tailored software / package software ul/ b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5.

Media, device& peripheral

System unit:-

System unit eg]sf] Pp6f box xf]. of] metal or plastic n] computer sf] electronic circuity sf] nflu agfPsf] box nfO{ system unit elgG5. System unit w]/} h:tf] minitower type df pknJw x'G5. Desktop type / mini tower type b'a} yl/sf] system unit leq hard disk driver, floppy disk driver,cd drive, power supply box , motherboard h:tf computer sf] internal ;+k"0f{ parts x? h8fg ul/Psf] x'G5. o;l/ hf]l8Psf] system unit leq s'g} klg parts hf]l8Psf] 5}g eg] To:tf] a]nfdf system unit nfO{ casing box elgG5.

Power supply:-

Power supply eg]sf] integrated / micro processor x? nfO{ ;+~rfng ug{sf] nflu laleGg yl/sf ef]N6]h ePsf lah'nLx? sf] cfjZostf kb{5. To:tf] ef]N6]h ePsf] lah'nL k|bfg ug{sf] nflu agfPsf] power supply xf]. of] klg casing box leq g} hf]l8G5. Power supply :jLlrË k|lqmof n] switching system n] rNg] power supply x'gfn] o;nfO{ smps elgPsf] xf]. power supply sf] sfd eg]sf] computer df cfjZos k/]sf] parts df DC voltage lbg] sfd u5{. / slxn] sfFxL cfpg] a9L voltage af6 computer nfO{ arfpg] sfd o;n] u5{. Power supply n] 220 volt A/c line nfO{ convert u/]/ 12v / 5v DC voltage / current computer df k7fp5. Power supply sf] /ftf] tf/df +5v , ground black df -5v , kx]nf] tf/df +12v h:tf current x? ;a} tf/df ldnfP/ computer df k7fO{/x]sf] x'G5. o;l/ k7fPsf] current motherboard , hard disk, floppy drive,CD RW/ DVD RW, cpu fan cflb df hf]l8Psf] x'G5.

UPS:-

Ups sf] k'/f cy{ uninterrupted power supply xf]. ups eg]sf] cfh ef]ln a9L nfO{g hfg] x'bf xfldn] sfd ul//xbf crfgs line dicconnet x'g ;S5. o;l/ line dicconnet x'bf xfdL n] sfd ul//x]sf] important file save ug{ gkfpb} delete x'g ;S5. o;l/ file delete x'g] ePsf] sf/0fn] o;nfO{ dWo]gh/ ub}{ nfO{g crfgs uPtf klg computer sf] line nfO{ o;n] dicconnet x'g lbb}g / xfd|f] important file delete x'g kfpb}g / xfld To; file nfO{ save ug{ ;S5f}. o;df Psfkl6 ljh'ln sf] line hf]l8Psf] x'G5. / csf]{ k§L df]6/ ufl8sf] h:tf battery hf]l8Psf] x'5. olb s'g} sf/0f jz ljh'ln nfO{g aGb eP ToxfF hf]l8Psf] Battery jf6 t'?Gt computer df current k7fpF5. To;}n] ljh'nL hfbf klg computer nuftf/ rNg ;S5. UPS sf] capacity 600va, 800va, 1200va, cfbL x'G5. of] UPS lsGbf tkfO{ sf] monitor sf] cfwf/ df lsGG ;Sg'x'G5. 15” sf] monitor eP 600va / To; eGbf dfly eP 800va eGbf dflysf] lsGg' eP w]/} /fd|f] x'G5.

CMOS Battery :-

Cmos sf] k'/f cy{ slDknd]G6«L d]6n cS;fO{8 ;]ldsG8S6/ nfO{ j'lemG5. of] Ps k|sf/sf] Battery xf]. h;n] system sf] sGˆo'u]|;g nfO{ control ub{5. o; battery sf] k|of]u n] ubf{ xfd|f] computer ckm u/]sf] j]nfklg system setup program x? h:t} time, date cfbL lg/Gt/ sfd ul//x]sf] x'G5.

The motherboard

Introduction of motherboard

PC ( personal computer sf] dxTjk"0f{ cFu g} mother board xf]. h; lagf computer lgdf0f{ ug{ ;lsb}g. h;df CPU( central processing unit ) / memory h:tf ;fgf 7'nf ul/ xhf/f} xhf/f}F circuit x? hfl8Psf] x'G5. ;Dk"0f{ caller x? n] CPU nfO{ electronic device elgG5. Motherboard n] computer sf] circuit nfO{ sfd ug{ d2t ub{5. Motherboard df ePsf ;fgf ;fgf /]vfx? n] cfˆg} sfd ul//x]sf] x'G5g\. / Ps part af6 csf]{ part ;Dd law't ;F~rf/ ug{] u5{.

Motherboard sf] cpu n]ul0flto arithmetic / tfls{s logical h:tf ;d:ofx? ;xh} xn ug{ ;Sg] x'bf o;nfO{ dflg;sf] dl:t:s h:t} dflgG5. Motherboard leq ;Dk"0f{ electionic circuit n] el/Psf] computer parts sf] ;DaGwdf 7'nf] d'Vo (main board) nfO{ motherboard elgG5. o;df c? klg devices x? h8fg ug{ ;lsG5.

Bus eg] sf] xf]<

Bus eg]sf] ljw'lto af6f] xf]. h;n] ubf{ computer sf] Ps part b]lv csf]{ part ;Dd ;Fs]t k7fO{lbg] sfd Bus n] u5{. Computer sf] mianboard (motherboard) df data, address, control signal / power Ps 7fpF af6 csf]{ 7fpF df nUg] sfd BUS n] u5{. BUS lgDg efu df laefhg ug{ ;lsG5.

1. Data bus:-

Data Bus eg]sf] bus df ePsf] data sf] /]vfx? nfO{ data bus elgG5. Data bus n] computer df data x? nfO{ Ps 7fpF af6 csf]{ 7fpF df n}hfg ;lsG5. o;n] ubf{ data transfer sf] ult klg lglZrt u5{.

2. Address BUS:-

Data n]Vg jf k9\gsf] nflu / :d/0f PsfO{sf] 7]ugf xfNg BUS sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. Address ug]{ clwstd :d/0f (memory power) zlQm address BUS sf] size df e/ kb{5.

3. Control BUS:-

Compter sf] parts x? lardf ;dosf] ;Fs]t / lgoGq0f ug{ sf] nflu control Bus sf] k|of]u ul/G5. xfldn] hardware df l;Sg'kg{] s'/f g} motherboard sf] af/]df xf]. lsg ls of] computer sf] d'Vo (mianboard) g} motherboard xf].

the processor

centrol processing unit:-

cpu eg]sf] computer leqsf] d'Vo part xf]. h;nfO{ cpu elgG5. o;nfO{ ;Fk"0f{ lhDd]jf/ PsfO{sf] ?kdf lnO{G5. o;n] computer sf] input devices / output devices ;a} nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{] u5{. eg] ul0flto tyf nf]lhs sfo{x? klg k|:t't ub{5. Cpu n] input device af6 lbPsf] sdf08 nfO{ clt lta|ult sf] ?kdf data nfO{ k|Zjf]wg ul/ dflg;n] a'‰g;Sg] efiffdf display df b]vfO{ lbG5. h'g sfd Pp6f micro processor af6 dfq x'G5. To;nfO{ processor sf] instruction elgG5.

Pp6} program n] b'O{ leGbf leGb} computer brand x? ;F~rfng u5{ eg] To;nfO{ compatible elgG5. IBM computer sf] nflu agfPsf] program apple computer df ;Frfng ug{ ;lsb}g lsg eg] apple computer compatible xf]O{g. computer sf] bus 4f/f cpu n] data lng], lbg], x6fpg] h:tf sfd ub{5.

Contorl unit:-

Control unit computer sf] control csf]{ PsfO{ control unit xf]. h;n] ubf{ computer nfO{ program af6 lgb]{zg cg';f/ ljleGg sfdx? ug{ nufpF5. Control unit n] program df lbPsf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ u'0ff, efu, hf]8, 36fp ug]{ / data k9\g], n]Vg] jf data e08f/ ul/ /fVg] / computer sf] parts nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{'sf ;fy} ljw'lto ;Fs]t x? cpu sf] rf/} lt/ k7fpg] sfd control unit n] u5{. Cpu af6 k7fPsf] data nfO{ o;n] slxn] / s;l/ 5fKg] jf display df dfq b]vfpg] ls floppy disk, hard disk ,pendrive df data nfO{ e08f/ ul/ . /fVg] jf e08f/ ePsf] data nfO{ x6fpg] ls s] ug]{ xf]. o:tf sfd instruction register df kl/If0f ub{5. Every instruction the control unit repeats a set of four basic operation called the machine cycle.

1.Fetching the instruction or data item from memory.

2.Decodiny the instruction in to commands to computer understanding.

3.Executing the commands and if necessary.

4.Storing or write the restult to memory.

Arithmetic / logical unit:-

Arithmrtic/logical unit klg s]Gb«Lo ;Dkfbg PsfO{ sf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ efu xf]. computer df mathematics sf] hf]8, 36fp, u'0ff / efu h:tf sfd ubf{ arithmetic unit sf] k|of]u x'G5. Ufl0flto sfo{ ug{ sf] nflu arithmetic df elections circuits x? h8fg ul/Psf] x'G5. o;n] c+s bfHg] jf c+s abNg] h;tf sfdx? arithmetic n] u5{. To;}n] o;nfO{ arithmetics unit elgPsf] xf]. of] arithmetics unit ePsf] computer n] ;lx lx;fa u5{. / ;lx glthf lbG5. Logical unit sd logical jf switching circuits h8fg ul/Psf] x'G5. h;n] ubf{ oxfF true jf false nfO{ s|dz closed jf opened circuits sf] k|ltlglwTj u/fO{G5. Logical function tof/ ug{ and , or / not h:tf logical circuit k|of]u ul/sf x'G5.

Class

Cpu speed

Approx. year

Intel 4004

108KHz

1970

Intel 8080

2 mHz

1974

Intel 8086/87

5MHZ,8MHZ,and 10mhz

1976

Intel 8088

4.77 mhz and 8mhz

1979

Intel 80286/87

8mhz,10mhz,and 12mhz

1982

Intel 80386DX

16mhz,20mhz,25mhz and 33mhz

1985

Intel 80386SX/SL

16mhz,20mhz,25mhz and 33mhz

1989

Intel 80486DX

25mhz ,33mhz and 50mhz

1989

Intel80486SX

16mhz,20mhz,25mhz and 33mhz

1991

Intel80486DX2

33mhz and 66mhz

1992

Intel Pentium

66mhz to 200mhz

1993

Intel Pentium mmx

166,200,233 and 266mhz

1997

Intel Pentium PRO

166mhz and higher

1997

Intel Pentium ii

233mhz to 450mhz

1997

Intel Pentium iii

500mhz to 550mhz

1999

Intel Pentium iv

1.1GHz up to 3.06 GHz

2000-2009

Input Device

Types of input devices

Input device eGgfn] computer df input device lagf computer ;~rfng ug{ ;lsb}g To:tf] device nfO{ input device elgG5.

1. Key board.

2. Mouse.

3. Track ball.

4. Joystick.

5. Digitizing tablet.

6. Touch screen

7. Touch pad.

8. Light pen.

9. Digital camera.

10. Switch input device.

11. Microphone.

12. Scanner.

Keyboard.

keyboard h'g;'s]} computer df hf]l8Psf] x'G5. keyboard lagf computer rnfpg ;lsb}g. k|f]u|fd rnfpbf data agfpbf, computer df lgb]{zgx? lbg jf data/ program storage ul/ /fVg sf] nflu keyboard sf] k|of]u ul/G5. keyboard 6fO{k/fO6/ ;+u ldNbf] h'Nbf] x'G5. keyboard sf] s'g} Pp6f key lyRgf;fy Ps law'lto ;+s]t pTkGg x'G5. h;n] matrix df uO{ pQm cIf/ vf]h]/ kQf nufpF5. +ToxfF af6 american standerd code for information interchange (ASCII-8) jf extended binary coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC) k|0ffln cg';f/ binary system ub{} 8 BIt dWo] s'g} df ljw't k|jfx x'G5. eg] s'g} df ljw't k|jfx x'b}g. h:tf 8/8 biit sf] Ps Ps j6f cIf/, c+s, ;+s]t ub}{ :d/0f PsfO{ df e08f/ x'G5. w]/} lab]lz sDklgx? n] laleGg l8hfO{g df lgdf0f{ u/]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ Ps keyboard sf] model csf]{ keyboard sf] df]8]n ;+u km/s kg{ ;S5. ;fw/0ftof keyboard ltg k|sf/sf] x'G5.

1. AT keyboard.

2. original pc keyboard.

3. enhanced keyboard.

Keyboard df main key , Numeric key , Funchon key / operation key x? hf]l8Psf] x'G5.of] key x? g/d / nrsbf/ x'g]ul/ agfOPsf] x'G5 .

Main key :

Main key eg]sf] keyboard sf] l8hfOgdf cªs ,cIf/ jf lrGxsf key x? h:t} ABCD –Z jf 1,2,3,4…..9 jf () “ : ; [] h:tf lrGxx? Hf8fg ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf key x?nfO{ Main key elgG5 . of] rnfpgsf] nflu 6fOk;fnfsf] cj:yf u/]sf]nfO{ w]/} ;lhnf] x'G5 . of] a9L j8{ k|f];]l;Ëdf k|of]u ul/G5 .

Numeric key :

Keyboard df b]lvg] 1,2,3,4,…9,+,-,/,*,= h:tf 5'§} key x?sf] ;d'x b]Vg'x'g]5. To;} nfO{ number key elgG5. of] lsx? Sofns'n]l6ª\ oGq sf keyboard sf] l8hfO{g h8fg ul/Psf] x'G5. computer leq cÍx? eg{'kbf{ jf s'g} klg ul0flto ;d:of sf] xn ubf{ number key sf] k|of]su ul/G5. of] ;a} eGbf a9L excel df k|of]u x'G5.

function key:-

cmomputer nfO{ lgb{]zg lbgsf] nflu k|of]u ug{] key nfO{ function key elgG5.

operation key:-

operation key eGgfn] ljleGg yl/sf lrqx? jf zJbx? /flvP/ agfO{Psf] x'G5. h;n] 5'§f 5'§} sfd u5{ To;/L km/s km/s sfd u/fpg h8fg ul/Psf key x?nfO{ operation key elgG5.

_key

_key_{sf] sfd}

_{Enter Key}

_{6fOk ul/Psf}_data_{jf k|f]u|fd}_computer_{leq k7fpg] jf
6fO{k u/]sf]}_line_{af6 csf]{}_line_{df hfg cfbL sfd df k|of]u ul/G5.}

_shift

_k|To]s_key_{df ePsf]}_capital_{cIf/ jf ;+s]t}_type_{ug{ o;sf] k|of]u
ul/g5.}

_{Esc(Escape key)}

_computer_leq_data_{k7fpg vf]Hbf}_data_{unt ePdf ;a}}_{data delete}_{ug{ jf kbf{
km]g{ sf] lglDt k|of]u ul/G5.}

_{Ret (Return key)}

_type_{ul/Psf lgb{]zgx?}_computer_{leq k7fpg k|ofu
ul/G5.}

_{ctrl key}

_{short cut key}_{k|of]u ubf{
k|of]u ul/G5. h:t}}_copy_ug{_{ctrl+c , select all}_{sf] nflu}_ctrl+a_{cfbL df o;sf]
k|of]u ul/G5.}

_{del (delete)}

_cursor_{/x]sf] cÍ jf
cIf/ nfO{}_delete_ug{.

_{page up}

_page_{nfO{ dfly ;fg{
sf] nflu}_{page
up}_{sf] k|of]u ul/G5.}

_{page down}

_page_{nfO{ tn ;fg{sf] nflu}_{page down}_{sf] k|of]u
ul/G5.}

_{one line up}

_cursor_{nfO{ Ps nfO{g dfly n}hfg] sfd u5{.}

_{one line down}

_cursor_{nfO{ Ps nfO{g tn n}hfg] sfd u5{.}

_{one space left}

_cursor_{nfO{ Ps cIf/ eGbf k5f8L ;fg{.}

_{one space right}

_cursor_{nfO{ Ps cIf/ eGbf cufl8 ;fg{.}

_Mouse:-

_{computer display}_{df b]lvg]}cursor jf pointer nfO{ otfptf ;fg{ sf] nflu Pp6f device sf] cfjZostf k5{. h;nfO{ xfld mouse elgG5. of] mouse sf] k|of]u windows package , Graphical package / cGo appliction package x? df a9L k|of]u ul/G5. ;+g 1963 df sunford Research centre sf] j}1flgs Douglas Englebart n] klxnf] k6s mouse sf] lasf; u/]sf] xf]. sDKo'6/df mouse nfO{ ltg tl/sf af6 hf]8\g ;lsG5.

1. CPU sf] k5fl8 sf] ps/2 port jf Rs-232c Serial port df hf]8\g ;lsG5.

2. interface card Bus df hf]8]/ .

3. cfw'lgs gofF model sf] cordless mouse nfO{ CPU df ghf]l8sg Radio wave dfkm{t computer ;+u link u/fpFg ;lsG5.

mouse ltg k|sf/sf] x'G5.

1. mechanical mouse.

2. optical mechanical mouse.

3. optical mouse.

Mechanical mouse:-

mechanical mouse sf] tn ;txdf Pp6f ;fgf] /j/sf] 8Nnf clnslt lg:s]sf] x'G5. To;}sf] ;xof]u af6 rN5. computer df hf]8\g] connector x? c? mouse eGbf km/s x'G5. o;sf] 9 pin serial mouse port x'G5. of] c? dfpF; eGbf cln ufx|f] klg 5.

Optical mechanical mouse:-

optical mechanical mouse klg /j/sf] 8Nnfsf] ;xof]u af6 g} ;+rfng x'G5. compute df hf8\g] DIN connector xf]. h;df male/female b'a} sf] port 6 pin ps/2 mouse male / 6 pin ps/2 female xf].

Optical mouse:-

optical mouse ;lhnf] / alnof] mouse xf]. of] mouse laser af6 ;+rfng x'G5. o;sf] lar df scroll x'G5. h;nfO{ rnfP/ page nfO{ tndfly cfjZos 7fpFdf ;fg{ ;lsG5.

Left button right Button

scroll

Cordless mouse:-

cordless mouse tf/ ljgf rNg] l8efO{;\ xf]. h;nfO{ xfld cordless mouse elgG5. of] radio wave dfkm{t computer df link x'G5. tf/ lagf rNg] ePsf] n] o;}nfO{ wire less mouse klg eGg] ul/G5.

Track ball:-

track ball klg input device leq kg{] device sf] csf]{ device xf]. h;nfO{ xfld track ball eGb5f}F. of] klg mouse h:t} xf]. o;sf] track ball nfO{ cf}Fnfn] lj:tf/} rnfof] eg] display df b]lvg] cursor klg otfptf ;5{. of} laptop computer sf] keyboard df track ball b]Vgv ;Sg'x'G5.

Joystick:-

Joystick klg mouse sf] csf{] ?k xf]. h; cg';f/ On]S6«f]lgs u]d jf cGo computer game v]Ng jf v]nfpg sf] nflu Joystick sf] k|of]u ul/G5. Joystick df ;dft]/ dlg6/ df b]lvg] cursor jf pointer nfO{ cfkm'v'l; ;fg{ ;lsG5. Joystick df b'O{ j6f j6g x'G5. h;nfO{ trigger eGb5g\. trigger nfO{ lyr]/ computer nfO{ sfd nufO{G5.

digital Joystick Analog Joystick

Dilitizing tablet:-

input device leq kg]{ digitizing tablet klg Ps xf]. xfld n] xftn] agfPsf] lrqx? nfO{ computer leq e08f/ ug{sf] nflu digitizing tablet sf] k|of]u ul/G5. digitizing tablet df Pp6f On]S6«f]lgs snd / Pp6f On]S6«f]lgs 6]jn]6 /x]sf] x'G5. o;sf]cursor nfO{ k's (puck) elgG5. o;n] klg mouse sf] h:tf] sfd u5{. o;df 16 j6f j6g x? x'G5. o;df k|of]u ul/Psf] On]S6«f]lgs snd nfO{ :6fOn'; (stylus) eGb5g\. of] jnk]g h:tf] b]lvG5. stylus n] 6]jn]6; dfly sf]bf{ , sflkdfly sndn] n]Vbf dl;n] agfPsf] lrq h:tf] b]lvG5.stylus nfO{ tablet df otfptf rnfpbf b]lvg] cfsf/nfO{ computer sf] hard Disk df Digital signals x?nfO{ data sf] ?kdf save ul/ /fV5 . o:tf] Digitizing tablet x?nfO{ Digitizer, touch tablet, Graphic tablets jf tablet dfq klg eGg] rng /x]sf] 5.

Touch screen:-

computer sf] dlg6/df Pp6f P]gf h:tf] r]tgzLn kf/bz{s Kofg]n /fv]/ agfPsf] x'G5. o; dlg6/df b]lvg] j:t' jf cjZg nfO{ cf}nfn] 5f]P/ mouse n] h:t} sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . cfh ef]nL ahf/df touch screen ePsf] mobile k|:tt b]Vg ;lsG5 . Touch screen sf] sfd Pp6} x'G5 . Touch screen ePsf] monitor df mouse sf] cfjZostf kb}g .o;df mouse sf] pointer jf cursor gb]lvg] x'bf o;sf] k|of]udf Jofkstf cfPsf] 5}g.

Touch pad:-

touch pad eg]sf] ljz]iful/ micro computer df k|of]u ug{ sf] nflu agfPsf] pad xf]. h;df cf}Fnf n] 5f]P/ jf b]vfP/ ljifo j:t' /f]Hg ;lsg] Jof8nfO{ touch pad elgG5. of] touch pad n] klg mouse sf] ?kdf screen df b]lvg] cursor nfO{ otfptf ;fg{sf] nflu touch pad sf] k|of]u ul/G5. of] touch screen sf] monitor h:tf] b]lvG5. t/ o;nfO{ e'O{df /flvG5. h;nfO{ xfld flat pad klg elgG5.

Light pen:-

computer sf] dlg6/ df light pen n] 5f]P/ ljifoj:t' jf option nfO{ /f]Hg sf] nflu agfPsf] snd xf]. h;nfO{ xfld light pen elgG5. light pen klg mouse sf] ;§fdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. light pen Pp6f snd h:tf] b]lvG5. To;sf] k5fl8 tf/ hf]l8Psf] x'G5. xfld h;nfO{ Electronically sensitive pen klg elgG5. o; sndsf] 6'Kkfn] dlg6/ df 5f]P/ mouse n] h:tf] sfd ug{ ;lsG5. of] klg rNtL df eg] Tolt cfPsf] 5f}g\.

scanner:-

input device leq kg]{ csf{] device scanner xf] . kmf]6f] slk sf] oHq h:tf] sfuh df ePsf] lrq jf cÍ , cIf/x?nfO{ kmf]6f] slk ul/ Onf]S6«f]lgs\; data sf] ?kdf computer sf] :d/0f PsfO{df k7fpg] / e08f/ ug]{ ;fwgnfO{ scanner elgG5. kmf]6f] slk d]l;g eGbf scanner km/s x'G5. kmf]6f] slk d]l;g paper to paper kmf]6f]slk ug{sf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5. eg] scanner n] eg] paper x? df ePsf] cIf/ jf c+s x? nfO{ electronic data sf] ?kdf computer df k7fpg sf] nflu scanner sf] k|of]u ul/G5. lrqx? jf cGo paper nfO{ scnner n] kmf]6f] slk ug{f ;fy ljgf keyboard data nfO{ :d/0f PsfO{df e08f/ u5{. scanner n] kmf]6f] nfO{ digitize / c+s nfO{ 0 / 1 sf] lx;fjn] :d/0f PsfO{ x? df e08f/ ub{5. scanner ltg k|sf/sf x'G5.

1. optical character recognition (OCR)

2. optical mark Reader (OMR)

3. magnetic ink character Recognition (MICR)

Optical character Recognition (OCR)

Optical character recognition (OCR) scnner n] c+s jf cIf/x? nfO{ digitize u/]/ Bitmap df ?kfGt/ ub{5. h;nfO{ xfld scnner eof] elgG5. o;l/ scan ePsf] data nfO{ ASCLL Character df kl/0ft ug{'kb{5. :Sofg/x/ lsGbf o:tf OCR package ;d]t lsGg'kb{5. paper df ePsf] cIf/ jf cÍx? nfO{ k|sfzsf] dfWod af6 scan ul/ h:tf sf] To:t} bvfpg] ;fwgnfO{

optical character Recognition (OCR) Device elgG5. of] hgu0fgf ubf{ ef]6 uGbf jf ljlnª\ sfo{ jf a}+Í df r]s k9\g OCR system sf] k|of]u ul/G5.

Optical mark Reader (OMR)

xfldn] kl/Iffdf objective question df l6s dfs{ tick mark nufO{G5. o;l/ l6s dfs{ nufPsf] l7s a]l7s computer n] k9]/ kQfnufpF5. kmd{ ebf{, Entrance Examination ;~rfng ubf{ jf cGo cg';Gwfg sf sfo{ x? ubf{ / nf]s ;]jf cfof]u sf kl/Iff x? df objective quection jgfO{Psf] x'G5. v'Nnf k|lt:kbf{ ePsf] n] nfvf}F n] kl/Iff lbG5. o;l/ kl/Iff lbg] laBfyL{x? n] k]G;Ln n] nufPsf] l7s 5 5}g\ . elg OMR Device n] r]s ul/ @÷# lbg leq g} glthf lgsfNg ;lsG5. o:tf] l56f] glthf lgsfNg sf] nflu OMR sf] k|of]u ul/G5.

Bar Code Reader

supper market, mini market df ljleGg ;fdfg x?sf] d'No o:tf jf/sf]8 scanner n] k9\g ;sf]; eg]/ agfO{Psf] ljleGg yl/sf vertical line x?sf] ;d'x nfO{ Bar Code elgG5. h;n] ;fdfgsf] d'No a'lemG5. o;nfO{ xfld o"lge;{n k|8S6 sf]8 UPS klg eGb5g\. cfhef]ln ahf/df ljqmL ljt/0f ug{ /flvPsf] ;fdfg h:t} lstfa, snd, Dofulhg, calculater h:tf w]/} ;fdfg sf] k5fl8 Bar code b]lvG5, o:tf ;fdfg nfO{ Bar Code Reader tkm{ Ps ;]s]08 hlt b]vfPkl5 o;n] d'No k9]/ ljndf r9fpg] sfd u5{. o:tf BCR ePsf] computer 6ld{gnnfO{ Point of sales terminal (POS) klg eGg] ul/G5. o;sf] k|of]u sf7\df08f}F sf] s'g} s'g} 7fpF df b]lvG5. pbfx/0f sf] nflu cyber df jf s'g} sDo"lgs]zg df phone bill sf] ?kdf k|of]u ePsf] x'G5.

Magnetic ink charater Recognition (MICR)

mick sf] k|of]u ul/ 5flkPsf] cIf/ jf cÍx? nfO{ computer n] k9\g ;Sg] / e08f/ ug{ ;S5. j}+s sf] r]s sf] 5]pdf 5flkPsf] accout number olx magnetic ink charater recognition jf r'Djlso dl;n] n]lvPsf] x'gfn] sDKo'6/ n] ;lhn} k9\g ;S5. credit card / Bank Debit card df magnetic strip sf] ?kdf MICR nfO{ xflh/ ug{, 3/ leq l5g{ jf /]n r9\g] l6s6 cflb df ID, Name,Date,Amount h:tf n]lvPsf] x'G5. o;nfO{ computer n] k9]/ cfjZos sfdx/ ug{ sf] nflu xfn hfkfg, cd]l/sf, o"/f]kdf o:tf] sf8{ jf l6s6 sf] rng ;'? ePsf] 5.

bed scanner

handheld scanner

Digital camera:-

digital camera klg input leq kg]{ csf]{ Ps Device xf]. Digital camera s'g} klg j:t' sf] t:lj/ lvRgsf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5. o;jf6 lvlrPsf] kmf]6f] nfO{ data cable sf] ;xof]u jf6 computer leq e08f/ ug{ ;lsG5. o;/L e08f/ ul/Psf] kmf]6f]nfO{ ljleGg software sf tool k|of]u ul/ km/s km/s desing df kmf]6f] nfO{ kl/j{tg ug{ ;lsG5.

micro phone:-

micro phone klg computer sf] input device leq k5{. xfld o;nfO{ voice record ug{, internet df voice chat ug{, lutx? ;'Gg / micro phone sf] k|of]u ul/ s'/f sflg ug{ h:tf sfddf micro phone sf] k|of]u ul/G5.

webcam:-

webcam klg lel8of] Sofd]/f h:t} Sofd]/f xf]. of] computer df s]jn4f/f h8fg ug{ ;lsG5. xfld o;nfO{ p.c. camera klg eGb5f}F. o;sf] k|of]u n] internet df lel8of] chat ug{, d'le tyf l8lh6n kmf]6f] u|flkm klg agfpg ;lsG5.

Output device of computer

1. Monitor

2. Printer

3. Speaker

Monitor

6]lnlehg ;]6 df h:t} o;sf] kbf{ df Sofo8\ / 6\o"j (CRT) h8fg ul/Psf] x'G5. o;df computer sf] input jf6 k7fPsf] data nfO{ k|zf]wg ul/ output device df k7fpF5. o;/L k7fPsf] glthf ;lx unt cflb x]g{sf] nflu k|of]su ug{ dxTjk"0f{ device nfO{ monitor elgG5. computer sf] CPU k|fKt 0 / 1 dflgg] ljw'lto sf]8x? n] dlg6/ sf] kbf{df On]S6«f]gsf ljdx?n] lxsf{pF5. h;n] ubf{ pHofnf] cIf/, cÍ jf lrqx? k}bf u5{. computer sf] keyboard n] dflg;n] 6fOk xfg]sf cIf/ jf c+sx? nfO{ jfOg/L sf]8df abN5. / RAM (Random Access Memory ) df k'¥ofpF5. ToxfF jf6 k|zf]wg eP/ cfPsf] sf]8x? nfO{ dflg;n] j'‰g] cÍ,cIf/ jf lrqx? df kl/0ft ub{5. computer sf] monitor df b]lvg] d'Vo ltg /Ë xl/of] kx]nf] / /ftf] ul/ lo ltgyl/sf /ª x? af6 256 lsl;d ;Dd sf /Ëx? ld>0f ub{5.

/Ëx?sf nflu x'g'kg]{ sf8{x?

Resolution

1. monocrome display adaptor (MDA)

640*320

2. Hercules Graphic Adaptor (HGA)

640*320

3. color Graphic Adaptor

640*320

4. Extended Graphic Adaptor (EGA)

768*640

5. Vedio Graphic Adaptor (VGA)

1024*768

6. super video Graphic Adaptor(SVGA)

1024*768

7. monocrome display Adaptor (MGA)

640*320

computer sf] color jf pixels j9fpFg] tl/sf.

1. computer sf] desktop df mouse sf] right buttion df click ug'{xf];.

2. Properities df click ug'{xf];.

Rectangular Callout: click here

3. Setting df click ug'{xf];.

Rounded Rectangular Callout: setting screen resolution

4. screen resolution df cfjZos cg';f/ pixel j9fpFg ;lsG5. To;kl5 apply buttion df click ug'{xf];. / ok buttion df click

Moniter sf] lsl;dx?

color sf] cfwf/df moniter nfO{ ltg efu df / signal sf] cfwf/ df b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5.

/Ëdf cfwfl/t dlg6/ x?

1. df]gf]qmf]d (monocrome)

2.u|]:s]n ( Grayscale)

3. sn/ (color)

monocrome

dlg6/sf] cIf/ / k[i7e'ld df hDdf b'O{ k|sf/sf] /Ë ld>0f ePsf] x'G5. lt /Ëx? h] klg x'g ;S5. h:t} pbfx/0f sf] nflu ;]tf], kx]nf], xl/of], sfnf], /ftf] cfbL o:tf dlg6/ nfO{ monocrome elgG5.

Grayscale

grayscale klg monocrome h:t} dlg6/ xf]. t/ o;df monocrome eGbf laz]if k|sf/sf] dlg6/ nfO{ Grayscale monitor elgG5. grayscale monitor n] ;fbf b'O{ yl/sf / /Ëyl/sf /Ëdfq xf]Og j? 5fofF h:t} b]lvg] xNsf v}F/f] /Ëx? ;d]t k|b{zg ug{ ;S5g\. h;n] ubf{ color photo nfO{ ;fbf jgfpFbf b]lvg] jf s'g} klg 5fofF k/]sf] picture nfO{ b'?:t} b]Vg ;lsg] vfnsf] v}/f] sn/df o;n] b]vfpF5.

color

color monitor n] xfldn] lel8of] Sofd]/f ÷ l8lh6n Sofd]/f nufPt cGo h'g;'s} Sofd]/fn] lvr] klg h:tf] lvr]sf] 5 b'?:t} b]vfpF5. color monitor df ltg y/Lsf] color x? k|of]u ul/Psf x'G5g\. h:t} /ftf] ,xl/of] / lgnf] x'g. o:tf] color sf] monitor nfO{ RGB monitor klg eGg] ul/G5. color monitor n] Red, Green,Blue lo ltg yl/ /Ësf ljleGf dfqfx? ldnfP/ 256 b]lv 10 nfv yl/ ;Dd sf km/s km/s /Ëx? jgfpFg ;S5. RGB color sf] monitor leq hDdf ltg cf]6f On]S6«f]g k]:6'nx? x'G5. h;n] cfˆgf] ;fd'Gg] /flvPsf] kmf]:k6; vn]sf] screen df pQm tLg color sf nflu On]S6«f]g jDjf8{ u5{g. o;l/ b]lvg] pixel sf] /Ëx? km/s km/s x'G5g\. o;/L b]lvg] k|To]s pixel df b]lvg] /Ëx?nfO{ ltg j6} /ª sf] ld>0f n] jg]sf] x'G5. Grayscale tyf color monitor nfO{ Bit per pixel sf] cfwf/ df klg ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5. h:t} 8Bit, 16 Bit, 32 Bit / 64 Bit eg] klg k|To]s Ps pixel df 8 Bit x'G5. o;/L hlt Bit j9fof]Toltg} cIf/ jf picture :k:6 b]lvG5. Bit j9fpg sf] nflu desktop df mouse sf] right buttion df cilck ul/ properties df click ug{'xf];\. To;kl5 settings df click ug'{xf]; / colr quality df cfjZos Bitselect ul/ ok buttion df click ug'{xf];.

l;Ugn/ (singnal) sf cfwf/df

1. Digital monitor.

2. Analog monitor.

Digital monitor

digital monitor RofKtf] / rf/kf6] cfsf/sf] flat-panel ePsf dlg6/ x? digital monitor x'g. k'/fgf] vfnsf] dlg6/x? df SofG8 / 6\o'j (CRT) k|ljlw k|of]u ul/Psf x'G5. digital monitor x? n] eg] input sf] ?kdf video adaptor jf6 l8lh6n l;Ugnx? dfq lnOG5. o:tf l8lh6n l;Ugnx? nfO{ analog l;Ugndf jbN5. h;n] ubf{ monitor sf] display capacity nfO{ lgoGq0f ub{5. o:tf] k|sf/sf] monitor nfO{ digital monitor elgG5.

Monitor sf] k|sf/x?

1. Monochrome Display Adaptor.

2. Color Graphic Adaptor.

3. Enhanced Graphic Adaptor.

Analog monitor

cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf lasf;, ;+u} lxhf] cfh ahf/df cfjZostf cg';f/ l8lh6n jf Pgfnu l;Ugn x?nfO{ Ps} rf]l6 input sf] ?kdf u|x0f ul/ text jf lrGxx? t'?Gt} display ug{ ;Sg] monitor pknJw 5 h;nfO{ xfld Pgfnu dlg6/ eGb 5f}F. analog monitor lgDg k|sf/sf 5g.

1. VGA (video Graphic Adaptor.

2. SVGA (super Graphic Adaptor).

3. 8514/A

Video standard table

standard

Resolutions

Simultaneous colors type

VGA

640*480pixels

320*200 pixels

256

SVGA

8514/A

800*600 pixels

1024*768 pixels

1280*1024 pixels

1600*1200 pixels

1024*768 pixels

256

Monitor sf] display nfO{ setting ug{] tl/sf

monitor df b]lvg] lrq x? Brightnerss ldn]g eg] /fd|f] b]lvb}g To;}n] display /fd|f] ;+u b]Vgsf] nflu brightness sf] 36j9 ug]{,adjustment sf] screen postion, screen size, screen shape cflb sf] setting jf/] hfGg' h?/L 5f o;sf] jf/]df xfld j[l:tt hfgsfl/ tnkfpg ;S5f}F.

Adjustment of Brightness & contrast

Brightness

Contrast

Brightness :- o;n] computer nfO{ pHofnf] / dw'/f] agfpF5.

contrast :- contrast n] computer nfO{ DIM & light agfpFg] u5{.

adjustment of screen position

screen nfO{ dfly ;f5{.

screen nfO{ tn ;f5{.

screen nfO{ jfofF ;fg{ d4t u5{.

screen nfO{ bfofF ;fg{ d4t u5{.

Adjustment of screen size:-

computer sf] screen nfO{ tn / dfly jf6 ljrdf Nofpg.

o;n] computer sf] screen nfO{ bfofF / jfofF jf6 ljrdf NofpF5.

computer sf] screen nfO{ bfofF jfofF b'j} Ps} rf]l6 j9fpg] sfd u5{.

o;n] computer sf] screen nfO{ tn / dfly b'j} Ps} rf]l6 j9fpF5.

Adjustment of screen shape

side pincushion jgfpF5

side pincushion balance

ldnfpg

computer sf] screen nfO{ trupezoid jgfpg

computer nfO{ 58\s] jf parallelogram jgfpg

computer sf] screen nfO{ 3'dfpF5.

color monitor picture TUBE

Printer:-

computer sf] glthf (output) lgsfNg] dfWod printer xf]. dflg;n] cfˆgf] ljrf/ x? d'vn] JoQm u/]em}F computer n] klg ;Dkfbg u/]kl5sf] glthf printer df 5fk]/ jf dlg6/df b]vfP/ JoQm u5{. o;/L computer n] k|zf]lwt jf ck|zf]lwt glthf, l/kf]6{,gfdfjlnx? jf tflnsfx? cflb 5flklbg] oGqnfO{ lk|G6/ elgG5. printer ltg k|sf/sf x'G5 lt lgGgk|sf/ sf] 5.

1. Do Matrix printer.

2. Ink Jet printer.

3. Laser printer.

Do matrix printer

do matrix printer s'g} klg ;fdfg x? sf] billing ug{ sf] nflu a9L k|of]u ul/G5. o;sf] nflu of] printer df k|of]u ul/g] paper dflyjf6 /flvG5. do matrix printer sf] hed df /x]sf] pin x? n] l/jg df lxsf{pFbf cÍ jf cIf/x? paper df 5flkG5. o;k|of]u ePsf] pin n] Pp6f yf]Knf x'G5. o:tf w]/} yf]Knfx? ldn]/ cIf/ jGb5. printer sf] capacity cg';f/ pin sf] yf]Knfx? w]/} / yf]/} x'G5. o;sf] cfwf/df klg printer sf] d'No lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5. o;sf] speed w]/} df 50 b]lv j9Ldf 500 character per second ;Dd x'g] ub{5. o;sf] print quality klg 18 pin b]lv 24 pin sf] x'g ;Qm5. 24 pin sf] printer sf] print quality ;a} eGbf /fd|f] dflgG5.

Ink Jet printer

cfhsn clkm; nufPt ;j} 7fpFdf a9L k|of]u x'g] Ink jet printer xf]. of] Non Impact printer xf]. o;n] klg w}/} /fd|f] quality sf] print u5{. o;jf6 print ePsf] print quality DIP df gfKg] ul/G5. Ink jet printer sf] quality 300 DIP b]lv 600 DIP ;Ddsf] x'G5. Ink jet printer ePsf]n] o;df ;do ;do df Ink /flv/xg'k5{. o;n] klg color / black & white k|sf/sf] print ub{5. Ink jet printer c? printer eGbf ;:tf] k5{. o;df liguid dl; k|of]u x'g] ePsf] n] o;sf] print cost dxËf] k5{. o;sf] cartage df refill ug{ eg] s'g} ufx|f] kb}{g.

Laser printer

printer sf] u'0f:t/df ;a} eGbf a9L laser printer nfO{ dflgG5. o;n] klg color / black& white b'a} k|sf/sf] printer 5fKg ;S5. lo b'a} vfnsf] df printer pknJw 5. o; laser printer df w'nf] dl; (toner) sf] k|of]u x'G5. laser sf] ls/0f x?n] Drum df picture x? k}bf ub{5. laser printer df 3'ld/x]sf] Toner n] paper df 5fKg] sfd u5{. o;jf6 print ePsf] print quality klg DIP df g} gflkG5. Ink Jet printer sf] quality h:t} o;sf] klg quality 300 DIP, 600DIP,1200 / 2400 DIP ;Ddsf] x'G5. o;n] c? printer n] eGbf l56f] printer ug{ ;S5. 300 Dip sf] laser printer sf] nflu 1MB sf] RAM / 600 Dip sf] nflu 4 MB sf] RAM cfjZos k5{. o;n] k|To]s ldg]6 leq 4 b]lv 20 k]h ;Dd 5fKg ;S5. of] printer eGbf dxËf] k5{. o;df k|of]u ul/Psf] cartridge nfO{ w]/} dxËf] kg]{ ePtfklg o;n] w]/} print ug]{ Ifdtf ePsf] n] o;jf6 print ePsf] print cost eg] ;:tf] kg{ ;S5.

4 in 1 laser printer laser printer

Plotter

printer sf] 7'nf] ?kdf plotter printer nfO{ dflgG5. of] plotter printer 7'nf] 7'nf] kl/0ffddf print ug{sf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5. computer sf] cfb]z cg';f/ paper x? df lrqx? jgfpg] u5{. of] printer c? eGbf km/s vfnsf] / dxËf] klg 5. /]vfx? sf]g{ sf] nflu o;n] pen sf] cfjZostf kb}{g. w]/} /ËLo plotter n] j]Unf j]Un} /Ësf pen x? k|of]u ub{5. plotter d]l;g computer df h8fg ug{ ;lsG5. / vector Graphic, 7'nf] 7'nf] xf]l8ª\ jf]8{ 5fKg] Pp6f dfWod plotter xf]. plotter n] cfˆgf] output 5fKgsf] nflu s'g} sfuhsf] 6'qmfsf] ;txdf pen ;f/]/ print ug{] sfd ub{5.

Others output Device

Speaker

3D Audio

micro computer df lkmNd x]g{ / lutx? ;'Gg] rng cfPsf] n] o;sf nflu 3D Audio jf 3D Audio cfjZostf k5{. CD Rom k|of]u u/]/ :6]l/of] speaker nfO{ output Device sf] ?kdf lnOG5. 3D Audio n] :6]l/of]jf6 k|fKt cfjhnfO{ ldnfP/ eg{] sfd ub{5. o:tf 3D Audio output Device x? ljleGg yl/sf df pknJw 5g\.

Sound card & speaker

computer df speaker nfO{ leq ePsf] ;fgf] speaker n] computer df b]lvPsf] problem ePsf] j]nfdf sound lbg] sfd u5{. t/ computer jflx/ hf]l8Psf] speaker n] computer leq stroage ul/ /flvPsf] jf CD/ DVD Rom df ePsf] lut jf vedio x? sf] cfjh x? nfO{ k|f]u|fdsf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ jflx/ lgsfNg] ub{5. speaker n] sound nfO{ 7'nf] jf ;fgf] :j/df xfjfdf k|:t't ug{] ub{5. o;l/ sound ;'Ggsf] nflu computer sf] motherboard df sound card /fVg'k5{. o;l/ /flvPsf] sound card sf] software install klg ug{'k5{. clg dfq cfjh ;'Gg ;lsG5.

Different types of Memory

Memory eg]sf] s'g} klg data nfO{ c:yfO{ jf :yfO{ ?kdf ;dflxt ug{ ;Sg] oGqnfO{ memory elgG5. Memory b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5.

. primary memory.

.Secondary memory.

Primary memory:-

Computer df s'g} klg sfd ubf{ jf program rnfpbf RAM :yfoL :d/0f PsfO{sf] cfjZostf kb{5. Xfld n] computer df sfd lbof] eg] ;a} eGbf klxnf Tof] file/ data RAM df uP/ a:5. To;kl5 dfq cpu n] To; data nfO{ k|zf]wg u5{ / display df b]vfp5 . o;/L b]vfO{Psf] data c:yfoL ?ksf] x''G5 . o;nfO{ kl5 ;Dd storage ug{sf] nflu secondary memary k|of]u ul/G5 .primery memary 2 k|sf/sf] x'G5.

! Ram (Random Access memory)

2 Rom (Reael only memory )

RAM:

RAM sf] k'/f cy{ Random Access memory xf]. Ram sf] chips motherboard df sf8{sf] ?kdf hf]8LPsf] x'G5 . Ram Ic (Intergrated circuit) ldnfP/ Pp6f ;fgf] board df hf]l8Psf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ chips elgG5. Memory w]/} k|sf/sf] x'G5. o;df xfdL s'g} ;'rgfnfO{ (information ) ´§} / ;xh} /fVg / lgsfNg ;Sg] x'gfn] o;nfO{ RAM elgPsf] xf]. RAM eg]sf] computer sf] data / program c:yfoL ?kdf e08f/ ug]{chips Ram xf]. Ramdf ePsf] data / program computer off u/]kl5 data / program klg delete x'G5. Ramdf computer ubf{ dfq data / program k|fKt ub{5 . computer df Harddisk af6 Ram df data hfG5 / Ram af6 cpu df data nfO{ k7fO{G5 . w]/} k|sf/sf] Ifdtf ePsf] Ram kfOG5 h'g o;k|sf/ 5 . 16 MB, 32MB, 64MB, 128MB, 256MB, 512MB, 1GB / 2GB cfbL ahf/df pknAw 5.

Memory of storage capality

Starting unit

Inpower of 2

Bytes

1kilo byte(KB)

2¹⁰

1024 Bytes

1 mege byte (MB)

2²⁰

1024Kilo Bytes

1Giga byte (GB)

2³⁰

1024mege Bytes

1Tera byte(TB)

2⁴⁰

1024 Grga Bytes

1 pera byte(PB)

2⁵⁰

1024Tera Bytes

1Exa byte(EB)

2⁶⁰

1024 pera Bytes

Rom:

Rom sf] k'/f cy{ (Read only memory ) xf]. Rom eg]sf] memory

af6 s]an a9\\g ;lsg] x'gfn] o;nfO{ Rom elgG5 . Rom klg /fd h:t} IC 4f/f

g} tof/ kfl/Psf] x'G5 .Rom df ;fwf/0f tof/df s'g} hfgsf/L jf 8f6fx? Xfd|f] tkm{af6

/fVg jf n]Vg ;lsb}g . of] a9fpg dfq ;lsG5. o; af/]df :yfoL ?kn] ;]tf] /Ën] clBaf6 laz]if

;'rgf jf 8f6fx? El/Psf] x'G5 . o;/L el/Psf] data x? k9|\g dfq ;lsG5 . data nfO{ km]/abn

ug{ ;lsb}g . o:tf] Rom chips klg motherboard sf] Ps 5]pdf hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .

Rom chips n] computer nfO{ :yfoL :d/0f PsfO{ k|bfg ub{5 .

/ computer af/] ljleGg hfgsf/L cpu dfkm{t k|of]ustf{nfO{ display df b]vfpg] sfd u5{ .

o:tf] pTkfbsju{n] (manufueturer) cfkm\gf] ;'ljwf cg';f/ of] /fd memory df o:tf] instructions

e/]/ /fv]sf] x'G5 . h;nfO{ computer n] k9]/ Pp6f sfo{ kl5 csf{ s'g} sfo{ ug'{ kg{] /x]5 eg]/

lgb]{zg kfpF5 . h:t} pbfx/0fsf nflu computer sf] s'g} software install ubf{ x]g{ ;Sg'

x'G5. Rom df data jf program x? kmd{ jf sDkgL firm or company af6 g} e/]/ k7fPsf]

x'gfn] o;nfO{ kmd{j]o/ (firmware) klg elgG5.

Secondary memory :

Secondary memory eg]sf] computer df tof/ agfPsf] data nfO{ kl5 ;Dd :yfoL ?kdf storage u/L /fVgsf] nflu agfOPsf] devices, floppy

disk, Hard disk , CD –RW memory card, zip Drive, pen drive cfbL nfO{

secondary memory elgG5. storage devices lagf computer df agfOPsf] file/

data x? storage ug{ ;lsb}g . o;n] xfdLn] rnfpg] program xfdLn] agfPsf] file x?

nfO{ ;'/lIft ;fy save u/]/ /fVb5 . storage devices computer sf] leq jf aflx/

hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . storage devices nfO{ ;'/lIft 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ lsgsL of] device lalu|of]

eg] xfdLn] save u/]sf] file/ data jf program ;a} d]l6G5 . o;/L delete ePsf] data

Nofpg ufx|f] x'G5 . storage device x? lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\.

1. Hard disk

2. CD-Rom

3. Floppy disk

4. Pen drive

5. memory card

6. Zip Drive

7. Jazz drive etc.

Hard disk:-

Floppy h:t} Ps k|sf/sf] disk xf]. Hard disk df Floppy df eGbf al9

Capacity x'G5 . / o;df w]/} data x? storage ug{ ;lsG5 . of] disk s8f (Hard)

/ alnof] x'gfn] o;nfO{ Hard disk jf Winchester disk elgG5 . of] disk kFfr 5 j6f

Disk x? Iron oxide b'a} ;tx dfly bn]sf] j[Qfsf/ wft'sf] plate nfO{ Hard disk eGb5.

Hard disk sf] k|To]s disk cfkm\gf] cfkm\g} ;txsf] (surface) lglDt a]Un} k9\g]÷n]Vg]

(Read/write) sf] nflu x]g{ (Head) hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . storage ul/Psf] data x? Hard

4f/f ;xh} k9\g ;lsG5 . Hard disk nfO{ Floppy h:t} lgsfNg] /fVg] ul//xg ;lsb}g .

Hard disk sf] disk plate k|ltldg]6 3600 k6s 3'Db5 . o;/L 3'ld/x]sf] disk sf] ;txdf

Track sf] data k9\g / n]Vgsf] nflu Hard glhs cfpb5 t/ of] Head n] Track nfO{

Slxn} x'b}g. Head n] cfkm\gf] sfd ul/;s] kl5 Head disk plate sf] lardf uP/ la:tf/}

e"Odf a:5. o;df klg Floppy df h:t} sector / Track df xfdLn] agfPsf] file jf

program save x'G5. o;df /flvPsf] data x? ;a} delete ug{ ;lsG5. / gofF data

eg{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] k|To]s sector df 128 b]lv 2000 Bite ;'rgf c6\g ;S5 . k|To]s

Track df 8,26 j6f eGbf a9L sector x'G5 . clxn] ahf/df 600MB, 2GB, 4GB ,

10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 120, 180, 200, 250GB b]lv 400GB ;Ddsf] Hard disk pknAw5 .

Floppy disk:-

Floppy disk Iron o xide bn]sf] 6]k h:t} Knfl:6saf6 agfOPsf]

Kfftnf] lrNnf] j[Qfsf/ j:t' xf].o;nfO{ sfutsf] rf/kf6] ePsf] vf]n leq /flvPsf] x'G5 .

o;sf] Jof; 2” b]lv 8”;Dd x'G5 . cfhsfn micro computer df a9L k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] xn'sf

;:tf] / ;fgf] 7fpFdf klg of] c6fpg] x'bfF Floppy disk cfhsn htfht} rNtLdf cfPsf] 5 .

Floppy disk df data e08f/ ug]{ ,Word k|f];]l;ª ug{] ,data k|f];]l;ª ug{] tyf cGo

ljleGg sDKo"6/ sfddf Floppy disk nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . clxn] xfd|f] b]zdf 3.5”Jof;sf]

Floppy dfq k|of]u ub{5 . Floppy dfq ePsf] j[Qfsf/ 3]/fx? Psleq csf]{ j[Qx? x'G5g\

h;nfO{ Track elgG5 . o;/L Ps kl5 csf]{ j[Qx? ePklg cfk;df 5f]Psf] x'b}g. o:tf] j[Qx?

3l6df 40 / al9df 80 j6f ;Dd k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . k|To]s Track j[QnfO{ 9,16,15, 18,

26 j6f ;Dd k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5. To;sf] k|To]s efunfO{ sector elgG5.o:tf] sector df 128 b]lv

2000 ;Dd bytes c6fpF5 . clxn] ahf/df sector 1000/2000 Bytes c6fpg] Floppy

x? ahf/df pknAw5 . 5.25” sf] Floppy df 360 k b]lv 1.2MB ;Ddsf] data x? storage

ug{ ;lsG5. 3.5” sf] Floppy df 720k / 1.44 MB data x? storage ug{ ;lsG5.

EofsG6f];df k|of]u ul/g] Floppy disk sf] capacity 400 KB ,800KB / 12MB

x'G5.

Jazz Disk:

Jazz Disk Iomega corporation n] pTkfbg u/]sf] disk xf] . of] jazz disk

n] 5.5 MB per sec data transmit ug{ ;S5 . o;n] data vf]Hbf 12 MS Seek

Time nufp5 . of] Disk xn'sf,;:tf] / data sf] 7'nf] e08f/nfO{ ;~ro ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n]

Jazz disk sf] k|of]u ug]{ ;Vof a9\g yfn]sf] 5. o;sf] storage capacity 1 GB

;Dd sf] x'G5.

Zip disk:

Floppy disk eGbf a9L capacity / a9L data storage ug{ ;Sg] disk xf].

h;nfO{ Zip disk elgG5. of] 110 mega corporation n] agfPsf] xf]. o;df 100 MB

/ 1200 MB ;Ddsf] data x? storage ug{ ;lsG5 . of] klg Floppy h:t} ePsf]n]

o;df data x? e08f/ ug{ / data x? ;fg{sf] nflu o;sf] k|of]u ul/G5.

CD RoM :-

CD RoM sf] k'/f cy{ compact disk Read only memory

xf] . of] ;g\ 1980 df g]b/ n}G8sf] Philips company n] agfPsf] lyof] . of] 12 CM Jof;sf] CD df

650 mega Bytes (MB) ;Ddsf] data e08f/ ug{ ;lsG5. ;'?df o;df 74 minutes

sf] Audio /Video e08f/ ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L CD Rom ag] klg o;nfO{ Read

ug]{ drive eg] ag]sf] lyof] . CD Rom nfO{ Read ug{sf] nflu ;g\ 1989 lt/ CD ROM

Reading Drive ahf/df cfof] . To;sf] 7 aif{ kl5 km]/L CD-ROM Writing Drive

Klg ahf/df cfpg yfn] xfdL CD ROM nfO{ CD klg eGg] ul/G5. CD disk df

Microscopicpits data el/Psf] x'G5 . CD Rom df ePsf] data nfO{ k9\gsf] nflu

Laser Ray sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . of] disk poliocarbon gfdsf] j:t'af6 agfOPsf]

x'G5. o;/L agfPsf] disk sf] s'g} ;txx? Aluminum df police ul/Psf] x'gfn] of] 6Nsg]

x'G5. clxn] ahf/df 700 MB capacity ePsf] CD / Rw , CD ROM / 4 b]lv

17 GB ;Dd 8f6f c6fpg ;Sg] capacity ePsf] DVD (Digital versatile Disk)

alg ;s]sf] 5 . o;df klg R/RW b'j}df pknAw5 .of] CD s} cfsf/df x'G5. of] CD eGbf a9L

capacity ePsf]n] o;df w]/} Flim x? Pp6}df sn]Szg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L lgdf{0f ePsf] CD R/W,

DVD RW h:tf disk nfO{ rnfpg sf] nflu ahf/df RW CD drive / RW DVD drive

pknAw 5g\.

Pen drive:-

Pen drive secondary storage device sf] csf]{ Ps dxTjk''''0f{ device xf]. h;nfO{{ pendrive elgG5. of] ljZj sf] ;a} n] k|of]u ub{5. of] ;fgf] x'G5. To;}n] ubf{ o;nfO{ af]s]/ lx8\g ;lsG5. o;df 256 MB b]lv 8 GB ;Dd data stroage ug{] capacity ePsf] pen drive ahf/df pknJw 5. pendrive sf] capacity sf] cfwf/df pen drive sf] d'No lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5. o;df xfld n] lkmNd, lut, kmf]6f] h:tf cfbL data e08f/ ug{ ;lsG5. o;df ePsf] data nfO{ delete ug{ klg ;lsG5. o;sf] ;xof]u af6 Ps computer sf6 csf]{ computer df data transform ug{ ;lsG5.

Windows media player

cd rom jf6 jf computer leq stroage ul/ /flvPsf] lut ;'Gg jf lel8of] x]g{] tl/sf .

1. start buttion df click ug'{xf];\.

2. program nfO{ select ug'{xf];\.

3. accessories df uP/ Entertainment nfO{ select ug'{xf];\. / windows media player df click ug'{xf];\.

windows media player df click ug'{xf];\.

4. windows media player open x'G5.

5. windows media player sf] file menu df click ug'{xf];\.

6. open df click ug'{xf];\.

7. CD ROM jf computer df stroage ul/ /flvPsf] lut jf lel8of] nfO{ 5fGg'xf];\.

8. open df click ug'{xf];\.

9. le8Lof] x]g]{ eP vedio nfO{ select ug'{xf];\.

10. open df click ug'{xf];\.

vlome control ug]{ tl/sf.

1. start buttion df click ug'{xf];\.

2. program nfO{ select ug'{xf];\.

3. accessories nfO{ select ug'{xf];\. / Entertainment df uP/ volume control df click ug'{xf];\.

4. volume control b]lvG5 To;df cfjZostf cg';f/ setting ug{ ;lsG5.

lj08f]h PS; kL xp / 2000 sf] kl/ro.

sDo"6/ ck/]l6ª\ l;:6d ( operating system ) h'g o:tf] Pp6f k|of]u|fd h'g operating system lagf sDo"6/ rnfpg ;lsb}g. o;df sDo"6/ l;:6dsf] ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfk x?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ tyf computer ;+~rfng ug]{ ub{5. clxn] w]/} k|sf/sf ck/]l6ª l;:6dx? ahf/df cfO{;s]sf] 5. h:t} ms-dos, ms-windows (2000,2007,2009, xp,vista,98,95etc) unix, linux cfbL o;dWo] ljZjsf w]/} sDo"6/ k|of]ustf{ x?n] 2000 / xp windows ck/]l6ª l;:6d k|of]u u/]sf] kfO{G5. of] ;a} dfO{s|f];ˆ6 sDklgn] pTkfbg u/]sf] ck/]l6ª l;:6d xf].

2000 sf] klg w]/} n]6]; lgSlnb}5. of] a9L ;]S/]6L lbP/ /fVg'kg]{ kmfO{n /fVg sf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5. of] k|of]u stf{x? xfn cfP/ xp eGbf sld /x]sf] kfO{G5.

Windows xp n] xfldnfO{ sDo"6/ ;+rfng ug{ lgs} ;lhnf] agfPsf] 5. o;df gofF gofF hardware klg l56f] tyf ;lhn} ;+u /g ug{ ;S5. of] lgs} P8\efG;\ / zlQmzfln dlN6ldl8of tyf g]6jls{ª\ ;'lawf ePsf]n] OG6/g]6, Od]n, cl8of],lel8of],Rof6,EjfO; Rof6 sf nflu /fd|f] dflgG5. To;}n] ;a}n] windows xp sf] k|of]u ug]{ ;+Vof a9\b}5. t/ o;df 2000 df h:tf] dxTjk"0f{ kmfO{n ;'l/Ift x'b}g. o;df klg secorty k|fof]u ePsf] kfO{G5.

dfOqmf];km\6 j8{sf] kl/ro

introduction of ms-word

kl/ro (introduction)

ms-word Microsoft corporaction usa n] windows plafform df rNg] word prossesing software sf] cfljZsf/ u/]sf] xf]. h;nfO{ ms word elgG5. of] famous / popular ms word xf]. xfld ms word desing the format of letters, envolops,labels,form, e-mail, mail merge,official document cfbL sfd ug{ ;lsG5. ms word laleGg e;{g df ahf/df pknAw 5g\. h:t} ms word 2007,2003,98,2000,97ms word cflb x'g. o;df agfPsf] kmfO{nx? nfO{ word document elgG5. Ms word sf] kmfO{nx? sf] PS;6]G;g .doc x'G5.

Ms word sf] laz]iftfx?

1. Typing ,file print ug{, 8f6f x? e08f/ ug{, letter jf office sf] kmfO{n tof/ ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5.

2. Document jf file sf] s'g} klg efu word, sentence, paragraph jf page jf text pictures nfO{ vf]Hg, delete ug{ editing ug{, c08/nfO{g (underline ) ug{, 8an underline ug{,, km/s km/s font size kl/at{g ug{ O6flns font agfpg jf jf]N8 ug{.

3. Document sf] h''g;'s} efudf text nfO[ delete ug{,text yKg, superscript, suppersaript ;Rofpg,shadows /fVg jf cfsf/, gfknfO{ kl/at{g ug{ ;lsG5.

4. o;df thesaurus sf] klg ;'lawf x'G5.

5. Word ;Rofpg / speling check ug{ tyf xZjbLw{, Psf/, cf]sf/ cfbL ldnfpg ;lhnf] x'G5.

sDo"6/ s;/L vf]Ng] / s;/L aGb ug]{.

Computer open cl3 xfldn]

sDo"6/sf] dlg6/, cpu box sf] kfj/ df :jr cg (ON) ug]{. o;/L cg (ON) ug]{ lalQs} ;+u} /x]sf] jQL lkn lkn u/L aN5. To;kl5 dlg6/ sf] :jr cg ug]{. o;/L, xfdL sDo"6/ ON ug{ ;S5f}.

sDo"6/ aGb ug]{ k|lqmof ck/]l6ª\ l;:6d / lj08f]h klg km/s km/s x'G5. t/ cfwf/e't k|lqmof eg] ;a} Pp6} xf]. To;}n] xfld s]xLsf] lrq ;lxt aGb ug{ ;S5f}. sDo"6/ aGb ubf{ Wofg gbL nfk/jfO{ l;w} kfj/ ;KnfO{sf] :jr ckm (off) u/L sDo"6/ aGb ug{'x'b}g. o;n] ubf{ computer sf] leq sf] kf6k'hf{x? lju|g ;Sg] / k|f]u|fdsf] kmfOnx? Klg d]l6g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5. sDo"6/ aGb ug{ lgDg pkfox? k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5.

tnsf] lrqdf h:t} computer sf] desktop sf] tn ePsf] start buttom df click ug]{ To;df Pp6f gofF ln:6 (list) b]lvG5. To;f df tun of computer, log of computer w]/} ln:6 b]lvG5. To;fdf turn of computer option 5fGg'xf];\.

Dfflysf] lrqdf h:t} start bottom df Click ug]{ / turn of computer option df Click u/]kl5 tnsf] lrq b]lvG5. To;df ljr df turn of computer n]v]sf] ;fgf] j6g df mouse nu]/ x]g{'xf];\ ToxfF “shut down windows so that you can sufely turn off the computer” n]v]sf] massage b]lvG5. To;df Click ug{''xf];\. la:tf/} computer off x'G5. o;/L computer s;/L aGb ug{ ;lsG5.

1. Start a6gdf click ug{''xf];\.

2. Shut down jf turn off computer df click ug{''xf];\.

To;kl5 Pp6f gofF 8fonu aS; ( dialog box ) b]Vg ;lsG5. h;df “what do you want the computer to do?” eg]/ k|Zg ;f]w]sf] x'G5. To;df “shut down” 5fGg'xf];\. / ok df click ug{''xf];\.

3. Cpu box sf] :jr off ug]{.

4. Dlg6/ sf] :jr off ug{''xf];\.

5. clGtddf kfj/ ;KnfO{sf] :jr off ug{''xf];\. o;/L computer s;/L aGb ug{ ;lsG5.

Windows xp vf]Ng] tl/sf

Windows xp rnfpg sf] nflu tkfO{sf] sDo"6/ df windows xp operating system klxn] g} /flvPsf] x'g'k5{. Windows xp vf]Ng sf] nflu tn lgDgtl/sf lbPsf]5.

! kfj/ ;KnfO{sf] :jr cg ug{'xf];\.

@ l; lk p (cpu) box sf] :jr cg ug{'xf];\.

# dlg6/sf] :jr cg u/]kl5 tnasf] lrq b]Vg ;Sg'x'G5.

Dflysf] lrq kl5 tkfO{sf] user account b]lvG5. To;df cfˆgf] user account sf] password type ul/ enter key lyRg'xf];\. To;kl5 tkfO{ n] xp 8]:s6k l:qmg b]Vg;Sg'x'G5.

Dflysf] lrqdf h:t} cfˆgf] a/c df k|j]z u/]kl5 8]:s6k df my computer, my document, my network place,Recycle bin / Internet explor h:tf Icon x? b]lvG5. O; ;+u c? klg aflx/ b]Vg] u/L /fVg ;lsG5.

olb 8]:s6k df Dflysf] Icon b]lvPg eg] lgDg k|lqmof k|of]u ug{;lsG5.

1. Computer sf] l:qmgsf] s'g} klg vfln7fpF df dfp;\sf] bfofF a6g click ug]{.

2. To;kl5 cfpg] menu df properties option nfO{ select ug{'xf];\.

3. Display sf] properties lj08f] vf]n]kl5 disktop df click u/]kl5 costomize desktop df click ug{'xf];\.

4. cfjZos kg]{ I con df l6s nufpg'xf];\.

5. Ok buttiondf click ug{'xf];\.

Start menu sf sfdx?

Turn offcomputer:-

sDo"6/ nfO{ km]/L ;'? u/fpg] jf sDo"6/ aGb u/fpg.

Log off administrater:-

leGg leGg k|of]u stf{x? sf] system aGb ug{ jf csf]{ k|of]u stf{x? sf] profile vf]lnlbg].

Run:-

Rln/x]sf] program jf folder sf] path / home sf] efux? Type u/L vfNg.

Help & support :-

Windows xp df ePsf] Help & support vf]Hg ;lsG5.

Serach:-

cfjZos k/]sf] kmfOnx? l56f vf]Hg ;lsG5.

Settings :-

sDo"6/ nfO{ Setting u/L ldnfpg ;lsG5.

Programs:-

tkfO{n] cfˆgf] sDo"6/df /fv]sf] Programs x? b]Vg ;Sg'x'G5. o;df /x]sf] k|f]u|fd 5fg]/ sfd ug{ ;lsG5.

Computer sf] 8]:sd6kdf /x]sf] icon sf] sfdx?:-

My document:-

Computer df s'g} klg sfd u/L To;nfO{ folder g5flg save ubf{ o;df (my computer) df c6f]d]l6s (automatic) my computer df save x'G5.

My computer:-

My computer df computer leq ePsf l8:sx? Cd,cd rom drive, printer, pendrive,floppy cfbL df /x]sf cfjZos kmfO{n, kmf]N8/ x'G5.

My network place:-

My network place df /x]sf sDo"6/x? dWo] Ps sDo"6/af6 csf]{ sDo"6/ df copy etc. internet hf]8\g move, delete ug{ k|of]u ul/G5.

Internet explore:-

;Dk"0f{ Internet ;DjlGwt sfd ug{ sf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5. h:t} ( e-mail k7fpg, E-mail k9\g, download cfbL ug{ ;lsG5.

Recycle bin:-

1. s'g} klg l8ln6 ul/Psf kmfO{n x? recycle bin df uP/ a:5. Computer sf] 8]:s6k df recycle bin df dube click ul/ recycle bin vf]Ng'xf];\.

Dfflysf] lrqdf h:t} tkfO{sf] computer df klg b]lvG5. o;nfO{ k'g sfd df Nofpg'k/]df

cfjZos kmfO{n jf kmf]N8/ 5fg]/ Restore df click ug{'xf];\. grflxPsf] hlt ;a} select ul/ delete ug{'xf];\. To; kl5 eg] delete u/]sf] kmfO{n vf]Hg k'g NofP/ sfd ug{ ;lsb}g. obL tkfO{n] s'g} klg file delete ubf{ l;w} shift / delete key lyr]/ delete ug'{ eof] eg] ;f] file recycle bin df hfb}g / of] l;w} delete x'G5.

Recycle bin df folder jf file delete ug]{tl/sf

1. Desktop df ePsf] Recycle bin icon df duble click ul/ Recycle bin vf]Ng'xf];\.

2. o;df delete ePsf kmfO{n / folder b]Vg ;lsG5.

3. cfˆgf] file / folder 5fGg'xf];\.

4. Empty the recycle bin df click ug{'xf];\.

5. Conform file delete dialog box b]lvG5.

6. Yes/no button dWo] yes df click ug{'xf];\.

Task bar:-

tkfO{n] computer df k|of]u ug{' ePsf] program x? ;a} task bar df b]lvG5.

Short button:-

System setting change ug{ internet vf]Ng, system nfO{ update ug{ kmfO{nx? / application x?nfO{ ldnfpg tyf ltlgx?sf] ljrdf ;DjGw j9fpg.

cGo icons:-

o;df b]lvPsf kmfOn, kmf]N8/ k|f]u|fdx? / tkfO{ ug'{kg]{ sfdx? Aff/]sf] laifoa:t' x? a'emfp5.

kmfO{n / kmf]n8/ sf] kl/ro

(file & folder’s introduction)

kmfO{n eg]sf] Ps} k|sf/sf] data x?sf] sn]Szg g} file xf]. h;df 8s'd]08 jf k|f]u|fd x?sf] On]S6f]lgs /]s8{ xf]. h;nfO{ 5'§f 5'§} gfd lbO sDo"6/df e08f/ u/]/ /flvG5. of] b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5.

1. Program file:-

o;df h:t} ms-word,ms-excel, photoshope cfbL kb{5.

2. Document file:-

Document file eGgfn] xfldn] compter document agfPkl5 5'§f 5'§} folder agfP/ save ul/G5. o;nfO{ 8s'd]08 kmfOn elgG5. h:t} Krishna, anita,merina cfbL.

gofF kmf]N8/ agfpg] tl/sf:-

1. tkfO{ s'g nfs]zgdf folder agfpb} x'g'x'G5. Klxn] cfkm'n] agfpg rfx]sf] nf]s]zg 5fGg'xf];\. h:t} (desktop,c:,d:, e:, pendrive cfbL To;7fpFsf] vfln 7fpF df mouse sf] /fO{6 button df click ug{'xf];\.

1. New df click ug{'xf];\.

2. Folder df click ug{'xf];\.

3. To;kl5 tkfO{n] tnsf] lrq h:tf] New Folder n]v]sf] box b]Vg'x'g]5.

1. oxfF file sf] gfd 6fO{k ug{'xf];\.

4. Gffd 6fO{k u/]kl5 enter key lyRg'xf];]. Jff vfln 7fpFdf click ug{'xf];\.

Folder vf]Ng] tl/sf:-

5. cfkm'n] agfPsf] folder df duble click ug{'xf];\.

2. To; kmf]N8/df mouse pointer /fv]/ right click ug{'xf];\.

3. Open df click ug{'xf];\. To;kl5 tkfO{ n] agfPsf] folder leq cfˆgf] file, document b]Vg''x'g]5.

Folder s;/L aGb ug]{.

(HOW to close the folder)

1. Mouse pointer sf] ;xof]u n] close buttion df click ug]{. O;/L folder aGb ug{ ;lsG5.

Folder sf] gfd kl/at{g ug{.

1. tnsf] lrqdf h:t} cfkmn] agfPsf] kmf]N8/ 5fg]/ folder dfly right clcick ug{'xf];\.

2. Rename df click ug{'xf];\.

3. gofF gfd type ug{'xf];\.

4. cGTodf enter key lyRg'xf];]. Jff vfln7fpFdf click ug{'xf];\.

Folder delete ug{.

1. Delete ug]{ folder nfO{ select ug{'xf];\.

2. To;df mouse sf] right buttion click ug{'xf];\.

3. gofF dialog box b]vfk5{.

4. yes buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

File nfO{ pendrive df copy ug{.

1. Pen drive nfO{ cfˆgf] computer sf] usb port df 3';fg{'xf];\ pendrive usb port /fv]kl5 Ps}l5g kv{g'xf];\.

5. To;kl5 cfkm} klg pendrive vf]N5. o;l/ cfkm} pendrive vf]lnPg eg] my computer vf]Ng'xf];\. My computer sf] pendrive df dubale click ug{'xf];\.

2. To;kl5 copy ug]{ file nfO{ select ug{'xf];\.

3. To;} kmfO{n df right click ug{'xf];\.

6. Copy n] eg] dublicate copy ug{. ;lsG5. eg] cut n] To;df ePsf] ;a} file copy ug{ ;lsG5. Copy df click ug{'xf];\.

1. Pendrive open ug{'xf];\. / To;df klg tkfO{n] /fVg] 7fpF 5fg]/ mouse sf] right button click ug{'xf];\.

2. To;kl5 paste df click ug{'xf];\.

3. Jff ctrl + v key bord af6 key lyRg'xf];\. To;kl5 file copy eO{/x]sf] lrq b]lvG5.

Pendrive af6 computer df file copy ug{.

1. Pendrive nfO{ cfˆgf] computer sf] usb port df hf]8\g].

2. My computer df duble click ul/ my computer open ug]{.

3. Pendrive df klg duble click ul/ pendrive vf]Ng]. / pendrive df right button df click ul/ open df click ug{'xf];\.

Cd rom df file x? s;/L slk ug]{.

obL tkfO{sf] computer df R/W cd rom drive / tkfO{n] computer df windows xp opreting system /fVg'ePsf] 5 eg] cd rom df file copy ug{ cfjZos kg]{ nero burner sf] cfjZostf kb}{g. R/W cd rom ePsf] jf xp operating system ePsf] computer df copy ug{ R/W cd drive ePsf] cd drive df file delete ug{ klg ;lsG5.

1. Pp6f vfln cd, cd rom df /fVg'xf];\.

2. Cd rom df /fVg'kg]{ file x? select u/]/ copy ug{'xf];\.

3. My computer vf]n]/ cd rom drive df paste ug{'xf];\.

4. ;a} file copy ePkl5 cd writing tasks sf] tn /x]sf] cK;gx? dWo] “ write those file to cd” df click ug{'xf];\.

5. To;kl5 cfpg] dialog box df cd name df s'g} gfd type ug{'xf];\.

1. Close take save df click u/L next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

2. cGTodf finesh button df click ug{'xf];\.

Nero burner software af6 cd df file copy ug{.

1. Stort buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

2. Nero dialog box df b]lvPsf laleGg cfO{sg x? af6 s:tf] dick agfpg rfxg'x'G5. 5fGg'xf];\ / To;df click ug{'xf];\. h:t} data disc, video cd, audio cd, mp3, data cd, mini dvd, video dvd cfbL agfpg ;lsG5.

3. To;kl5 tnsf] h:tf] disc content dialog box cfpg]5.

4. Add df click ug{'xf];\.

5. Cd rom /fVg'kg]{ file jf folder, video cfbL select ug{'xf];\. km]l/ file km]l/ /fVg sf] nflu add buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

6. File /fVg] sfd ;s]kl5 fnished buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

7. Next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

8. Next u/]kl5 writing speed sf] dialog box df click u/]/ pko'Qm speed 5fGg'xf];\. k'g Tolx cd df kl5 c? file /fVg' eP allow file to be added later df tick nufpg] / 8f6f (data) /fO6 u/]kl5 k|dfl0ft ug{ rfxg'x'G5. eg] “verify data after burning” df tick ug{'xf];\.

9. To;kl5 burn buttion df click ug{'xf];\. s]lx ;do kl5 burning k|f];]; ;lsPsf] eP exit df click u/]/ nero aGb ug{'xf];\.

R/W cd rom df ePsf] data nfO{ delete ug{ jf eraseug{.

4. Nero open ug]{ extras icon df click ug{'xf];\.

1. Erase disc df click ug{'xf];\.

2. Erase disc df click u/]kl5 tkfO{sf] cd vfln b]lvG5.

CD to CD copy ug{.

olb tkfO{nfO{ s'g} butable CD slk ul/ csf]{ klg butable CD agfpgsf] nflu nero vf]n]/ copy CD df click ug{'xf];\.

2. To;kl5 dialog box cfpg]5. To;df klg next df click ug{'xf];\.

3. s]lx ;do kl5 cd drive cfkm} aflx/ cfp5. ca gofF vfln l; 8L(blank cd)

4. cd drive df /fVg'xf];\. o;/L ;a} cd sf] data copy x'G5.

Wallpaper df picture /fVg.

1. lrqnfO{ wallpaper df /fVg / rfx]sf] picture nfO{ select ug{'xf];\.

2. File menu df click ug{'xf];\.

3. Setas wallpaper (titted) jf setas wallpaper (centered) df click ug{'xf];\.

4. Jf picture df mouse sf] right buttion df click ug{'xf];\. To; list dWo] setas wallpaper df click ug{'xf];\.

Display df b]lvPsf icons x? nfO{ ldnfP/ /fVg.

i. Desktop sf] vfln 7fpF df mouse sf] right buttom click ug{'xf];\.

ii. Arrange icons by n]lvPsf] df click ug{'xf];\.

iii. To; kl5 name df click ug{'xf];\.

Background change ug{] tl/sf.

i.Desktop df mouse sf] right buttion click ug{'xf];\.

ii.Properties df click ug{'xf];\.

iii.Desktop df click ug{'xf];\.

iv.Background eGbf tn sf] stayle df select ul/ click ug{'xf];\.

v.To;kl5 apply buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

vi.clGtd df ok buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

Screen sever df type ug]{.

i.Desktop df mouse sf] buttion sf] right buttion click ug{'xf];\.

ii.To;kl5 properties df click ug{'xf];\.

i. $Rounded Rectangular Callout: . oxfF click ug{'xf;\.$

iii.Screen server df click ug{'xf];\.

iv. To;kl5 screen sever eGbf tn sf] option arrow down ul/ select ug{'xf;\.

$Rounded Rectangular Callout: i. 2. oxfF click ug{'xf;\.$

v.Marquee nfO{ select ug{'xf;\.

vi.To;kl5 setting df click ug{'xf;\.

ii.

vii.Text df screen sever df /fVg vf]h]sf] word type ug{'xf;\.

viii.Background color af6 cfaZs color select ug{'xf;\.

ix.Background color glhs} speed box b]lvG5 ToxfF af6 screen sever nfO{ slow / fast agfpg ;lsG5.

x.Setting ldnfPkl5 ok buttion df click ug{'xf;\. o;l/ agfPsf] x]g{ sf] nflu sDltsdf Ps ldg]6 hlt mouse grnfO{ a:g] To;kl5 xfldn] nv]sf] s'/f b]Vg ;lsG5.

Mouse sf] setting ug]{ tl/sf.

1. Start buttion x'b} control panel df click ug{'xf;\.

2.Control panel df blvPsf] mouse sf] lrq df right buttion click ug{'xf;\ / open df click ug{'xf;\.

3.dflysf] lrqdf pointers df click ug{'xf;\.

4. To;kl5 browser df click ug{'xf;\.

5.b]lvPsf] pointers dWo] Pp6f df select ug{'xf;\.

6.Open df click ug{'xf;\.

7.Apply buttion df click ug{'xf;\.

8.Ok buttion df click ug{'xf;\.

Mouse pointers nfO{ l56f] rNg] agfpg sf] nflu.

i.mouse properties box sf] pointers option df click ug{'xf;\.

ii. cfaZos cg';f/ mouse nfO{ set ug{'xf;\.

iii. Apply buttion df click ug{'xf;\.

iv. clGtd df ok buttion df click ug{'xf;\.

Computer sf] time / date ldnfpg] tl/sf.

1. Start buttion df click ub}{ control panel open ug{'xf;\.

2. date and time nfO{ open ug{'xf;\.

3. dfly sf] dateand time sf] properties box af6 date / time set ug{'xf;\.

4. apply buttion df click ug{'xf;\.

5.Ok buttion df click ug{'xf;\.

Keybord sf] setting ldnfpg] tl/sf.

i. Start buttion x'b} control panel open ug{'xf;\.

ii. Key bord df right buttion df click ug{'xf;\.

iii. Keybord open ug{'xf;\.

iv. Keybord sf] setting cfaZostf cg'zf/ set ug{'xf;\.

v. Apply buttion df click ug{'xf;\.

vi. ok buttion df click ug{'xf;\.

Disk cleanup ug]{tl/sf.

1.Disk cleanup eg]sf] computer nfO{ :j:Yo /fVg sf] disk cleanup ul/G5.

2.Start buttion df click ug{'xf;\.

3.Program df click ug{'xf;\.

4.Accessories df click ug{'xf;\.

5.System tools df click ug{'xf;\.

6.Disk cleanup df click ug{'xf;\.

h:t} lrq af6 klg x]g{ ;lsG5.

7. To;kl5 select drive sf] gofF dialog box b]lvG5. o;df c: drive select ul/ ok buttion df click ug{'xf];.

8.s]lx ;do ,kl5 disk cleanup for (C:) sf] dialog box b]lvG5.

9.;a} file df right nufpg'xf];\. / ok buttion df click ug{'xf];.

10.yes buttion df click ug{'xf];. To;kl5 files setup x'gyfN5.

11.dflysf] h:t} ul/ c? drive klg disk cleanup ug]{.

Disk defragmenter ug]{ tl/sf.

1. Start buttion > program > accessories > system tools > disk defragmenter df click ug{'xf];.

2. To; kl5 cfpg] disk defragmenter sf] dialog box df cfjZos drive select ul/ defragmenter df click ug{'xf];.

3. To;kl5 tnsf] h:tf] dialog box b]lvG5.

4. o;n] sfd ug{ yfN5. sfd ;s]kl5 report x]g{ view reports df click ug{'xf];.

5. ca tkfOn] computer sf] Pp6f drive sf] details df yfkfpg ;Sg'x'G5.

6. clGtddf close buttion df click ug{'xf];.

7. o;l/g} c? aflsF drive klg defragmenter ug]{.

Connectors in system unit

The rest of the components that need to be discossed have some type of visible connection on the outside of the system case there are many types of connectors used by these different devices and the ports in to which they plug all the connectors and ports have their own their naming although pcs use close to 50 different connectors almost all connectors fit in to one of eight mager type DB, DIN, centronics, RJ, BNC, audio, USB and firewire.

DB connectors:-

Adobe Systems

Pin gePsf] female Pin ePsf] male DB connectors

DB connectors

It have slightly D shape which allows only one one proper way to insert a play in to the socket and makes easier to remmber what they are called technically they are known as data Bos connectors but teach always slorten that to DB each DB connectors las groups of small pins thus male or socket female that plug in as group DB connectors in the peworld can have from 9 to 37 pins or socket.

DIN connectors:

DIN (Deutsches institute of norming) most pcs spot the European designed DIN connectors the round din connectors comes in only two sizes DIN and mini DIN the socteture always female.

Centronils connectors:-

It is similar to DB connectors have flat contacts insidead of pins these connectors are also distontne in that the socket have wire wings that lock the plug to the socket in order to reduce the chance of allidental sockets are always female.

RJ connectors:-

The little plastic plug used to connect your telephone card to the jack is a classic example of an RJ plug modern pcs use only two kinds of RJ jacks the RJ-11, and RJ- 45 the phone jacks is RJ-11 it is used almost exclusively for modems the slightly wider RJ-45 Jack is used for one very popular type of network casling most network cards have on RJ-45 socket.

BNC connector:-

BNC connectors also known as coaxial or coax connectors these connector are used for network most new networks use RJ-45 based cosling rather them BI and many of the older coax networks are being replaced with RJ-45 networks.

Audio connectors:-

These connectors are perhaps the simplest of all really only one type of connectors sus popular use the audio connector they are just like plug you use to insert headphones in to a walkman or similar device these connectors are used almost exclusively on sound cards for connecting speakers microphone and audio devices.

USB connectors:-

The vniversal seral BUS (USB) provides a general pvrpose connection for pcs you can sce USB vcrsion of many different devices such as mouse keyoard printer scanner etc USB has a number of features that make it particular popular on pcs one is that USB devices are hot swapable which means you can insert or remove them without restarting your system.

Fire wire connectors:-

It moues data at incredibly high speeds the fire wire interface is perfect for high speed devices suck as digital video cameras since pcs rerelly have built in 4 or 6 wire fire wire connector user typically purchase a fire wire adopter card fire wire is also hot swapable and able to daisy chain up to 63 devices.

Now you have sense of the connectors lets turn to the device common to almost every pc in order to learn which connectors 90 with device.

3. Sound card:-

15 = ( ) in DB socket that enables you to add Joystick to your pcs.

1. Video cards:-

It use 15 pin female DB connector 5/5/5 Bule color.

2. Network cards :-

It use RJ-45, BNC,15 pin female ( ) DB or 9 pin female DB ( )

4. Keybord:-

DIN mini DIN (ps₂) and USB (porpel)

5. Mouse:-

9 pin DB / mini- DIN ps₂ / USB green in color.

6. Modem:-

Two RJ-11 socket.

7. Printer :-

25 pin female DB connector ( ) , USB.

8. Joystick :-

It use 15 pin female DB ( ).

Method of computer assembling:-

9. Befor plaling the motherboard in system box or case in box the motherboard shovld be placed out of system box.

10. Connect power supply to the motherboard which is lying out of system box.

11. Attach the cpu to the motherboard.

12. Attach the RAM card to the motherboard.

13. Attach display card or VGA port to the motherboard.

14. Now switch on the computer and watch.

15. If you see display on moniter of flash on key-board itmeans you have corectely attached the hardware or hardware components.

16. Now the display is ok place motherboard along with RAM and CPU in the system box.

17. After placing motherboard connect the display card or VSA port.

18. Also connect harddisk drive floppy disk drive and CD romdrive ti the system box.

19. Further connect printer port with data cable mouse port with data cable and modem one by one.

20. Connect harddisk drive floppy disk drive CD ROM Drive through data cable, connect power cable line to harddisk floppy disk drive and CD ROM drive.

21. Find out LED pin such as speakers powers witch hard disk reset etc and connect them one by one properly.

22. At the last stage connect monitor and keyboard see weather the display is on or not if display is on or keybord flash is on the system is ok.

Power supply:-

Connect mother board.

i. AT power supply (12) pins (p₁).

ii. ATX power supply (20) pins (p₁).

At > advance technology.

ATX > advance technology extended.

(+4 ppins) (p₄)

It is one of the largest components in side the system box.

Connection of cable:-

· Power cable.

· Data cable. > HDD data cable.

(hard disk derive)

Ø FDD data cable.

(floppy disk derive)

IDE₁ connector :- it have 40 pins.

IDE = integrated drive electonis.

IDE₂ connector:- both have 40 pins.

FDD connector:- it have 34 pins.

Long side in motherboard and short dide in device by knowing its lock wire color and sign in motherboard.

IDE connector :- intergrated drive electronic.

IDE₁ connector:- (primary)

IDE₂connector:- (secondary)

xfld Pp6f gofF pentium 4 intel ® wolfdale / core ^tm2 Duo processor computer hf]8\g l;Sb} 5. klxnf cassing box sf] cover open ug{'xf];\. To; box df motherbord /fVg] 7fpFdf lsnf 6fO{6 x'g] ul/ s:g' xf];\. Tokl5 motherboard nfO{ system box

leq /fv]/ motherboard gxlNng] ul/ km]l/ g6 n] s:g].

Rounded Rectangular Callout: oxfF g6 n] s:g].

Rounded Rectangular Callout: o;/L g6 n] s:g].

tnsf] tflnsf cg';f/ hf]8\g' xf];\.

Table of motherboard components

lable

components

1.CPU socket

LGA775 socket for Intel^® Yorkfied/ wolfdale/core^tm 2 Quad (Q6600/ Q6700 GO) /Pentium^® Dual - Core/ celeron^® 4xx Series processors.

2. CPU ‑ FAN

CPU coling fan connector

3.DDR2 - 1~2

240-pin DDR2 SDRAM slots.

4. ATX-POWER

Standard 24 pin ATX power connector

5. SATA1~4

Serial ATA connectors

6. F- USB1~2

Front panel USB header

7. SPK

speaker header

8. USBPWR-F

Fornt panel USB power select Jumper

9. F-PANEL

Front panel switch/ leader

10. CLR-CMOS

Clear CMOS Jumper

11. I DE

Primary I DE channel

12. FDD

Floppy disk drive connector

13. CD-IN

Analog audio input connector

14. F-AUDIO

Fornt panel audio header

15. SPDIFO

SPDIF out header

16. PCI1~2

32- bit add- on card slot

17. PCIE

PCI Express x1 slot

18. PCIEX16

PCI Express x 16 graphics card slot

19. USBPWR-R

Rear panel USB PS/2 Power select connector

20. SYS-FAN

system cooling fan connector

21. ATX12V

4- pin +12v power connector

22. LPT

onboard parallel port header

This section explains how to set jumpers for correct configuration of the motherboard.

Setting jumpers

use the motherboard jumpers to set system configuration options. Jumpers with more than one pin are numbered. when setting the Jumpers, ensure that the jumper caps are placed on the correct pins.

the illustrations show a 2-pin jumpers. when the jumper cap is placed on both pins, the jumper is SHORT. if you remove the jumper cap,or place the jumper cap on just one pin, the jumper is open.

This illustration shows a 3- pin jumper. pins 1 & 2 are SHORT.

jumper settings table

jumper

Type

Deseription

setting(default)

CLR- CMOS

3-PIN

clear CMOS

1-2: NORMAL

2-3: CLEAR CMOS (Befor clearing the CMOS, make sure to turn off the system.

CLR-CMOS

USBPWR-F

3-PIN

front panel USB power select jumper

1-2:VCC

2-3:5VSB

USBPWR-F

USBPWR-R

3-PIN

Rear USB PS/2 power select Jumper

1-2:VCC

2-3:5VSB

USBPWR-R

1. To avoid the system instability after cleraing CMOS, we recommend users to enter the main BIOS setting page to "load Optimal defaults" and them and then "save changes and Exit".

2. make sure the power supply provides enough 5VSB voltage before selecting the 5VSB fuction.

3. it is required that users place the USBPWR-R & USBPWR-F cap onto 2-3 pin rather than 1-2 pin reather 1-2 pin as default if you want to wake up the computer by USB/PS2 KB/ Mouse.

Connecting case components

after you have installed the motherboard into a case, you can being connecting the motherboard components. Refer to the following.

1. connect the CPU cooling fan cable to CPU-FAN.

2.Connect the system cooling fan connector to SYS-FAN.

3. connect the case switches and indicator LEDs to the F-PNEL.

4. connect the case speaker cable to SPK.

5. c,onnect the case standard power supply connector to ATX- POWER.

6. connect the auxiliary case power supply connector to ATX12V.

CPU-FAN : CPU Cooling FAN power connector.

pin

signal name

function

GND

system Ground

+12v

power +12v

SENES

sensor

PWM

user please note that the fan connector supports the CPU cooling fan of 1.1A~2.2A(26.4W max) at +12v.

SYS - FAN : system cooling FAN power connector

pin

singnal name``

function

GND

system Ground

+12v

power +12v

sense

sensor

ATX_ POWER: ATX24 - PIN POWER CONNECTOR

PIN

SINGNAL NAME

PIN

SINGNAL NAME

+3.3V

-12V

Ground

+5V

PS_ON

Ground

+5V

Ground

PWRGD

-5V

+5VSB

+5V

+12V

+5V

+12V

+5V

+3.3V

Ground

ATX12V : ATX 12V power connector

pin

singnal name

Ground

+12V

SPK: INTERAL SPEAKER

PIN

SINGAL NAME

VCC

KEY

signal

front panel Header

the front panel header (F_PANEL) provides a standard set of switch and LED headers commonly found on ATX or micro- ATX cases. refer to the table below for information.

pin

signal

function

pin

signal

function

HD_LED_P

Hard disk LED(+)

FP PWR/SLP

*MSG LED(+)

HD_LED_N

Hard disk LED(-)

FP PWR/SLP

*MSG LED (-)

RST_SW_N

Reset switch (-)

PWR_SW_P

power switch(+)

RST_SW_P

Reset switch (+)

PWR_SW_N

power switch(-)

RSVD

Reserved

Key

no pin

klxnf cassing box nfO{ open ug{'xf];\. / motherborad /fVg] 7fpFdf lsnf nufpFg' xf];\. h;n] ubf{ motherboard sf] cricuit n] cassing box df 5'g kfpFb}g.

Rounded Rectangular Callout: oxfF cpu /fVg].

CPU / cooling fan hf]8\g] tl/sf.

Rounded Rectangular Callout: o;/L open x'G5. of] pin geP sf] CPU xf].

Rounded Rectangular Callout: CPU /fVg] 7fpF

Rounded Rectangular Callout: CPU nfO{ o;/L ldnfP/ /fVg].

Rounded Rectangular Callout: o;/L CPU /fVg] sfd ;s]kl5 o;dfly CPU fan /fVg] cpu fan n] cpu nfO{ lr;f] jgfpg] sfd u5{f

Rounded Rectangular Callout: cpu fan sf] of] v'§f nfO{ motherboard sf] Kjfn df nu ug]{ .

$Rounded Rectangular Callout: o;/L cpu fan nfO{ motherboard /fv]/ la:tf/} lyRg'xf];\. of] nu x'bf lsl6Ss cfjh cfpF5.$

$Rounded Rectangular Callout: pin ePsf] cpu /fVg] 7fpF. o;df klg dfly sf] h:tf] ul/ open ug{'xf];\.$

Rounded Rectangular Callout: o;/L open ug{'xf];.

$Rounded Rectangular Callout: To;kl5 pin ePsf] cpu /fVg'xf];\.$

Rounded Rectangular Callout: cj o;l/ cpu set x'G5.

$Rounded Rectangular Callout: cpu dfly cpu fan /fVg'xf];./ lrq df h:t} ul/ nu ug{'xf];\.$

$Rounded Rectangular Callout: cpu sf] power o;l/ motherboard df hf]8\g'xf];\.$

cj motherboard nfO{ klxnf cassing box df nufO{Psf] lsnfdfly nu]/ set ug{] / To;df g6 s:g]

Rounded Rectangular Callout: cj motherboard o;l/ set x'G5.

DDR2 SDRAM memory module table

memory module

memory Bus

DDR2 667

333 MHZ

DDR2 800

400 mhz

installation procedure

1. this motherboard supports unbuffered DDR2 SDRAM.

2. Push the latches on each side of the DIMM slot down.

3. align the memory moudel with the slot. the DIMM Slots are keyed with notches and the DIMMs are keyed with cutouts so that they can only be installed correctl

4. check that the cutouts on the DIMMs module edge connector match the notches in the DIMM slot.

5. install the DIMM module into the slot and press it firmly down until it seats correctly. the slot latchesare levered upwards and latch on to the edges of the DIMM.

6.INSTALL any remaining DIMM modules.

$Rounded Rectangular Callout: o;l/ ram slot sf] b'j} kl§ ePsf] a6d nfO{ lyr]/ RAM lgsfNg'xf];\.$

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Internal drive cage

Chassis intrusion switch

Drive interface cable

Expansion-card cage

Security cable slot

I/O ports and connectors

AC power receptacle

Padlock ring

Power supply

System board

Drive interface cable

Interface connector

Power input connector on drive

Lip

Rail

IDE1 connector

IDE2 connector

DC power cable

EID

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Install the vGA (display Driver)

1. Right click on desktop / porptive/ seting advance option/ adapter/ change (next –next) selsct sutable driver and setpath than go a head.

2. Open my computer / right click and open cd rom / select sutable driver / operating system setpath and go a head.

3. Open my computer and outo play the cd rom.

4. Go to start / seting/ control panel and new / hard ware (next- next)

right click on my computer > then select on manager > click on device manager> you look see unstall driver at yellow color. This yellow color at duble click then searching drive software. Get a software install and copy software at last

install sound (audio ) driver

1. Open my computer and auto paly the cd rom and go head.

2. Go to control plan / add new hardware > (next- next) choose audio/ video and game. Controller / suitable driver and path and go a head.

3. Right (RT) click my computer / properties/ device manager.properties / driver/ opdate driver/ next – next then select suitable drive and setpath and go head.

Install the modem driver for printer

1. Start buttion df click ug{'xf];\

2. Setting df click ug{'xf];\.

3. Add printer select local printer then go a head.

4. Go to control panel > add new hardware > (next-next) select printer > next – next select suitable driver and go ahead.

Install the NIC driver (network driver)

1. Right click my computer/

2. properties deviese manager

3. select pcI ethernet controller/

4. properties driver/

5. Update driver (next-next) select sutable driver path and go a head.

6. Click on finished botton.

1. Go to control panel

2. Add new hardware (next- next) choose the network card next/ set sutable driver path and go a head.

what is data?

data is a collection of an organized factr which can include words, image and sounds computer maniptules and process data to create information.

Learning MS-DOS Basics - A Tutorial

This tutorial gives you an opportunity to try basic MS-DOS commands. By following the procedures in this section, you will learn to:

View the contents of a directory
Change from one directory to another
Create and delete directories
Change from one drive to another
Copy files
Rename files
Delete files
Format a floppy disk

The Command Prompt

When you first turn on your computer, you will see some cryptic information flash by. MS-DOS displays this information to let you know how it is configuring your computer. You can ignore it for now. When the information stops scrolling past, you'll see the following:

C:\>

This is called the command prompt or DOS prompt. The flashing underscore next to the command prompt is called the cursor. The cursor shows where the command you type will appear.

If your command prompt looks like the sample command prompt above, skip to the following section, "Typing a Command."

If your command prompt does not look like the example, type the following at the command prompt, and then press ENTER:

cd \

Note that the slash leans backward, not forward. You will learn more about the cd command later in the tutorial. If your command prompt still doesn't look like the example, type the following at the command prompt, and then press ENTER:

prompt $p$g

Your command prompt should now look like the example.

Typing a Command

This section explains how to type a command at the command prompt and demonstrates the "Bad command or file name" message.

To type a command at the command prompt

1. Type the following at the command prompt (you can type the command in either uppercase or lowercase letters):

nul

If you make a typing mistake, press the BACKSPACE key to erase the mistake, and then try again.

2. Press ENTER.

You must press ENTER after every command you type.

The following message appears:

Bad command or file name

The "Bad command or file name" message appears when you type something that MS-DOS does not recognize. Because nul is not a valid MS-DOS command, MS-DOS displays the "Bad command or file name" message.

3. Now, type the following command at the command prompt:

ver

The following message appears on your screen:

MS-DOS version 6.22

The ver command displays the version number of MS-DOS.

Continue to the next section, where you will use the dir command to view the contents of a directory.

Viewing the Contents of a Directory

In this section, you will view the contents of a directory by using the dir command. The dir command stands for "directory."

To view the contents of a directory

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

dir

A list similar to the following appears:

Volume in drive C is MS-DOS_6.22

Volume Serial Number is lE49-15E2

Directory of C:\

WINDOWS      <DIR>    09-08-92 10:27p

TEMP         <DIR>    05-15-92 12:09p

CONFIG  SYS       278 09-23-92 10:50a

COMMAND COM     53014 09-18-92 6:00a

WINA20  386      9349 11-11-91 5:00a

DOS          <DIR>    09-02-92 4:23p

AUTOEXEC BAT      290 09-23-92 10:54a

               7 file(s) 62931 bytes

                       8732672 bytes free

This is called a directory list. A directory list is a list of all the files and subdirectories that a directory contains. In this case, you see all the files and directories in the main or root directory of your drive. All the files and directories on your drive are stored in the root directory.

Changing Directories

Look at the list on your screen. All the names that have <DIR> beside them are directories. You can see a list of the files in another directory by changing to that directory, and then using the dir command again. In this case, you will change to the DOS directory.

Before you begin this section, make sure you have a directory named DOS by carrying out the following procedure.

To make sure you have a directory named DOS

1. Look through the directory list on your screen for a line that looks similar to the following:

DOS <DIR> 09-02-92 4:23p

2. If you see a line like this, you have a directory named DOS. Skip to the next procedure, "To change from the root directory to the DOS directory."

If you do not see a line in the directory list indicating that you have a directory named DOS, type the following at the command prompt:

dir /s memmaker.exe

You will see a message that includes a line such as the following:

Directory of C:\DIRNAME

If the name that appears in place of DIRNAME is DOS, you have a DOS directory. Skip to the next procedure.

If the name that appears in place of DIRNAME is not DOS, substitute the name that appears for DOS throughout this tutorial. For example, if the name that appears in place of DIRNAME is MSDOS, type msdos whenever you are instructed to type dos.

To change from the root directory to the DOS directory

To change directories, you will use the cd command. The cd command stands for "change directory."

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

cd dos

The command prompt changes. It should now look like the following:

C:\DOS>

The command prompt shows which directory you are in. In this case, you know you successfully changed to the DOS directory because the command prompt displays the directory's name. Now the current directory is DOS.

Next, you will use the dir command to view a list of the files in the DOS directory.

To view a list of the files in the DOS directory

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

dir

A list of the files in the DOS directory appears, but scrolls by too quickly to read. You can modify the dir command so that it displays only one screen of information at a time.

To view the contents of a directory one screen at a time

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

dir /p

One screen of information appears. At the bottom of the screen, you will see the following message:

Press any key to continue . . .

2. To view the next screen of information, press any key on your keyboard. Repeat this step until the command prompt appears at the bottom of your screen.

When you typed the dir command this time, you included the /p switch after the command. A switch modifies the way MS-DOS carries out a command. Generally, a switch consists of a forward slash (/) that is followed by one or more letters or numbers. When you used the /p switch with the dir command, you specified that MS-DOS should pause after it displays each screen of directory list information. The p actually stands for "page"

Another helpful switch you can use with the dir command is the /w switch. The /w switch indicates that MS-DOS should show a wide version of the directory list.

To view the contents of a directory in wide format

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

dir /w

The directory list appears, with the filenames listed in wide format. Note that only filenames are listed. No information about the files' size or date and time of creation appears.

2. If the directory contains more files than will fit on one screen, you can combine the /p and /w switches as follows:

dir /w /p

Changing Back to the Root Directory

Next, you will change from the DOS directory to the root directory. The root directory is the directory you were in before you changed to the DOS directory. Before you begin this section, make sure your command prompt looks like the following:

C:\DOS>

To change to the root directory

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

cd \

Note that the slash you type in this command is a backslash (\), not a forward slash (/).

No matter which directory you are in, this command always returns you to the root directory of a drive. The root directory does not have a name. It is simply referred to by a backslash (\).

The command prompt should now look like the following:

C:\>

When your command prompt appears similar to this---that is, when it does not contain the name of a directory---you are in the root directory.

Creating a Directory

In this section, you will create two directories. Creating a directory is helpful if you want to organize related files into groups to make them easy to find. Before you begin this section, make sure the command prompt looks like the following:

C:\>

To create a directory, you will use the md command. The md command stands for "make directory."

To create and change to a directory named FRUIT

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

md fruit

You have now created a directory named FRUIT. You won't see the new FRUIT directory until you carry out the dir command in the next step.

2. To confirm that you successfully created the FRUIT directory, type the following at the command prompt:

dir

dir /p

Look through the directory list. A new entry somewhere in the list should look similar to the following:

FRUIT <DIR> 09-25-93 12:09p

3. To change to the new FRUIT directory, type the following at the command prompt:

cd fruit

The command prompt should now look like the following:

C:\FRUIT>

You will now create a directory within the FRUIT directory, named GRAPES.

To create and work with a directory named GRAPES

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

md grapes

You will not see the new GRAPES directory until you carry out the dir command in the next step.

2. To confirm that you successfully created the GRAPES directory, type the following at the command prompt:

dir

A list similar to the following appears:

Volume in drive C is MS-DOS-6

Volume Serial Number is lE49-15E2

Directory of C:\FRUIT

.          <DIR>        09-25-93 12:08p

..         <DIR>        09-25-93 12:08p

GRAPES     <DIR>        09-25-93 12:10p

                    3 file(s) 0 bytes

                       11534336 bytes free

Note that there are three entries in the FRUIT directory. One is the GRAPES directory that you just created. There are two other entries---one looks like a single period (.) and the other looks like a double period (..). These directory entries are important to MS-DOS, but you can ignore them. They appear in every directory and contain information relation to the directory structure.

The GRAPES directory is a subdirectory of the FRUIT directory. A subdirectory is a directory within another directory. Subdirectories are useful if you want to further subdivide information.

3. To change to the GRAPES directory, type the following at the command prompt:

cd grapes

The command prompt should now look like the following:

C:\FRUIT\GRAPES>

4. To switch back to the FRUIT directory, type the following:

cd ..

The command prompt should now look like the following:

C:\FRUIT>

When the cd command is followed by two periods (..), MS-DOS moves up one level in the directory structure. In this case, you moved up one level from the GRAPES directory to the FRUIT directory.

Deleting a Directory

If you no longer use a particular directory, you may want to delete it to simplify your directory structure. Deleting a directory is also useful if you type the wrong name when you are creating a directory and you want to delete the incorrect directory before creating a new one.

In this section, you will delete the GRAPES directory. Before you begin this section, make sure the command prompt looks like the following:

C:\FRUIT>

To delete a directory, use the rd command. The rd command stands for "remove directory."

To delete the GRAPES directory

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

rd grapes

2. To confirm that you successfully deleted the GRAPES directory, type the following at the command prompt:

dir

The GRAPES directory should no longer appear in the directory list.

Note You cannot delete a directory if you are in it. Before you can delete a directory, you must make the directory that is one level higher the current directory. To do this, type cd.. at the command prompt.

Changing Drives

This section describes how to change drives. Changing drives is useful if you want to work with files that are on a different drive.

So far, you have been working with drive C. You have other drives you can use to store information. For example, drive A is your first floppy disk drive. The files and directories on drive A are located on the floppy disk in the drive. (You might also have a drive B, which contains the files and directories stored on the floppy disk in that drive.)

Before you begin this section, make sure your command prompt looks like the following:

C:\FRUIT>

To change to and view files on a different drive

1. Insert a 3.5" floppy disk in drive A label- side up. Make sure the disk clicks into the drive.

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

Note that the command prompt changed to the following:

A:\>

This message may appear:

Not ready reading drive A

Abort, Retry, Fail?

If you see this message, the disk may not be inserted properly. Place the disk label-side up in the disk drive, and make sure the disk clicks into the disk drive. Then, type r for Retry. If this message appears again, press F for Fail, and then type b: at the command prompt. If you no longer see this message, type b: instead of a: throughout the rest of the tutorial.

There must be a floppy disk in the drive that you want to change to.

2. To view a list of the files on the floppy disk in drive A, type the following at the command prompt:

dir

A list of the files on the disk appears.

3. Change back to drive C by typing the following at the command prompt:

Your command prompt should return to the following:

C:\FRUIT>

When you type a drive letter followed by a colon, you change to that drive. The drive letter that appears in the command prompt shows which drive is the current drive. Unless you specify otherwise, any commands you type are carried out on the current drive and in the current directory.

So far, all the commands you typed were carried out on the current drive and in the current directory. You can also carry out a command on a drive that isn't current. For example, you can view the files on a disk in drive A without switching to drive A by following this procedure.

To view files on drive A when drive C is current

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

dir a:

A list of the files on the floppy disk in drive A appears, even though your command prompt indicates that drive C is current.

By specifying a: after the dir command, you are giving MS-DOS additional information. You are indicating that you want the dir command to show the list of files and directories on drive A instead of drive C. The a: you typed after the dir command is called a parameter. A parameter specifies what a command should act on. In the previous example, the parameter you used indicated which directory list you want to view.

The following procedure presents another example of using a parameter.

To view the contents of the DOS directory on drive C

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

dir c:\dos

A list of the files in the DOS directory on drive C should scroll past on your screen.

The c:\dos parameter specifies that you want MS-DOS to display the contents of the DOS directory on drive C, even though your command prompt indicates that the FRUIT directory is current.

Software

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Windows 98 install, format & patestion

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6. Third boot device df klg hard disk jf HDD select ug'{xf];\.

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13. cj fdisk type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

14. To;kl5 Y type ug{'xf];\. / Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

15. cj xfd|f] hard disk df slt j6f drive 5 elg x]g{ sf] nflu enter choice (1) df (4) type u/]/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

16. To;kl5 c Drive b]vfp5. c? klg x]g{] eP y key lyr]/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\. To;kl5 logical Bos Drive b]lvG5. cj back hfgsf] nflu esc lyRg'xf];\.

17. cj drive x? partition ug{ sf] nflu 3 type ug{'xf];\.

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19. cj klxnfdf 1 type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

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22. To;kl5 ToxfF drive b]vfp5. cj primary Dos partition deleted ug{sf] nflu Esc lyRg'xf];\.

23. cj csf]{ drive klg delete ug{sf] nflu Enter choice df 3 type ug{'xf];\. / Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

24. Extended Dos partition ug{sf] nflu Enter choice df 3 type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

25. klxnf] df C drive Delete ug{ uPsf] n] c type ul/ Enter lyRg'xf];\.

26. volume df klxnf s]lx klg /fv]sf] geP Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

27. clGtddf y type ul/ enter key lyRg'xf];\. / o;/L c drive delete ug{ ;lsG5.

28. d drive klg delete ug{ klxnf] df d type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

29. volume lable df Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

30. clGtddf y type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

31. o;/L ;j} drive x? nfO{ delete ug'{xf];\. cj Esc key lyRg'xf];\.

32. Tokl5 hard disk df ePsf] drive x? delete x'G5.

33. o;/L dsisplay partition infermation uP/ x]g{xf];\. o;sf] nflu 4 type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

34. s'g} klg drive gePsf] current fixed disk drive eg]/ b]vfpF5.

35. back hfg sf] nflu Esc key lyRg'xf];\.

36. xfld gofF partition jgfpFg l;sf}F. gofF jgfpFg sf] nflu enter choice df 1 type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

37. primary partition jgfpFg sf] nflu km]l/ 1 type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

38. cj proccessing ePsf] b]vfp5. of] completed x'g 100% x'g'k{5.

39. Pp6f drive dfq jgfpg] eP Y g} type ug]{ jf 5f]l8lbg].

40. Pp6f eGbf j9Ldrive jgfpFg] eP N type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

41. cj procesing x'g yfN5. o;df klg 100% k'u]kl5 dfq complete x'G5.

42. cj xfld 80GB sf] hard disk nfO{ C:,D:, E: Drive jgfpg nflu /x]sf 5f}F. drive jgfpFbf % ldnfP/ jf GB nfO{ MB df nu]/ klg /fVg ;lsG5. t/ of] ufx|f] ePsf] n] ;lhnf] sf] nflu % sf] cfwf/df drive sf] capacity 5'6\ofpg l;sf}F. Pp6f hard disk nfO{ 100% dfgf}F. c drive sf] nflu 30% type ug{'xf];\ / Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

43. cj xfldn] jgfPsf] gofF drive b]Vg ;Sg'x'g]5.

44. csf]{ drive jgfpgsf] nflu 1 type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

45. Extended partition ug{ uPsf]n] 2 type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

46. cj ToxfF ePsf] space ;a} nfO{ x6fO{ 30% type ul/ enter ug{'xf];\.

47. ca aflsF 40% nfO{ E drive agfpg'xf];\. ca b]lvPsf space nfO{ s]lx gul/sg Enter ug{'xf];\. o;/L C:,D:, E drive agfP h:t} ul/ c? klg agfpg ;lsG5

48. o;/L xfldn] agfPsf] C:,D:, E drive b]lvG5. Back hfgsf] nflu Esc key lyRg'xf];\.

49. agfPsf] drive dWo] s'g} Pp6f nfO{ active ug{'k5{. drive active ug{sf] nflu Enter choice df 2 type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

50. hlxn] klg windows system file C drive x'g] ePsf] n] cj 1 type ul/ Enter ug{'xf];\.

51. ca computer nfO{ Restart ug{'xf];\. Restart ug{sf] nflu key board sf] Ctrl+ alt+delete key lyRg'xf];\.

52. ca Boot from CD- Rom select u/]/ Enter ug{'xf];\.

53. To;kl5 start computer with CD-ROM support select ul/ Enter ug{'xf];\.

54. ca display df h'g drive b]lvG5. Tof] g} computer sf] clGtd / CD drive x'G5. f drive c Drive xf].

55. computer format ug{ sf] cd drive df hfg'k5{. lsgls xfldn] /fVg vf]h]sf] win 98 operating system file CD df x'G5. ca F: type ul/ Enter ug{'xf];\.

56. CD df ePsf] File x? x]g{sf] nflu F:\>dre_type ul/ Enter ug{'xf];\.

57. To;kl5 xfld CD leq ePsf] file x? b]Vg ;S5f}F.

58. ca xfld C drive nfO{ format ug{ uO{/x]sf 5f}F. format ug{ sf] nflu format C: type u/]/ Enter ug{'xf]\.

59. procesd with format (y/N) Y df y type ul/ Enter ug{'xf];\.

60. C drive formating x'G5.

61. km]l/ Enter ug{'xf];\.

62. ca d drive klg format ug{ sf] nflu format d: type ul/ Enter ug{'xf];\.

63. To; kl5 y type ul/ Enter ug{'xf];\.

64. ca d drive formating eO{/x]sf] b]vfpF5.

65. volume lable g/fVg] ePsf] n] Enter ug{'xf];\.

66. c drive df win98 program /fVg l;sf}F.

67. f:\wn98> c: type ul/ Enter ug{'xf];\.

68. f:\>cd win98 type ul/ Enter ug{'xf];\.

69. f:\win98 setup type ul/ Enter ug{'xf];\.

70. km]l/ type ul/ Enter ug{'xf];\.

71. ca microsoft scan disk sf] display b]Vg;Sg' x'G5.

72. ca Exit nfO{ select ul/ Enter ug{'xf];\.

73. countinue df click ug{'xf];\.

74. ca Next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

75. processing system.

76. Next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

77. km]l/ next df click ug{'xf];\.

78. ca computer sf] name, work group / computer discription n]v]/ next df click ug{'xf];\.

79. km]l/ next df click ug{'xf];\.

80. massege /fd|f] ;+u k9\g'xf];\. / cancel ug{'xf];\.

81. ok buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

82. next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

83. processing this files

84. loading this files.

85. ok buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

86. ca restart now df click jf Enter ug'{xf];\. To;kl5 computer restart x'ghfG5.

87. To;kl5 computer windows 98 x'b} open x'G5.

88. ca user name / computer /x]sf] 7fFp sf] name n]v]/ next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

89. next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

90. next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

91. Finish buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

92. ca Enter ug{'xf];\.

93. ca date / time ldnfpg'xf];\.

94. apply buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

95. close buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

96. ca ok buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

97. next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

98. next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

99.km]l/ next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

100. km]l/ next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

101. finish buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

102. show the screen each time windows 98 start df tick nufpg' xf];\. / close df click ug{'xf];\.

103. ca computer open x'G5.

0peratimg system Xp installation

computer assemble u/]kl5 xfld n] computer rnfpg sf] nflu operating system /fVg' k5{. xfld computer sf] hard disk nfO{ patestion u/]/ computer df operating system xp installation ug{ l;S5f}F. To;sf] nflu tkfO{ sf] computer df cd Rom Drive hf]l8Psf] x'g'k5{. ghf]l8Psf] eP drive hf]8\g' xf]; \. hf]l8Psf eP computer on ug'{xf];\. computer on eP To;nfO{ restart ug{'xf];\. restart ug{sf] nflu cpu sf] restart buttion df lyRg'xf];\. jf keybord df ctrl+alt+delete key lyRg'xf];\. To;kl5 computer nfO{ boot u/fpgsf] nflu delete , f1,f2 key lyRb} 5f8\b} lyRb} 5f8\b} ul//xg] hj;Dd cmos setup (Bios) cfpb}g.

1. dflysf] cmos setup df keybord down arrow n] advanced BIOS Features df select ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

2. To;kl5 frist Boot Device df page up jf page down arrow n] CD-ROM jgfpg' xf];\.

3. second boot device df hard disk Drive (HHD) jgfpg'xf];\.

4. third Boot Device df klg hard disk nfO{ select ug]{. save ug{sf] nflu f10 lyRg'xf];\. jf escape (ESC) buttion lyRg'xf];\.

5. save & Exit setup df uP/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

6. keybord sf] y key lyr]/ windows xp sf] CD /fVg'xf];\. / Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

7. cj computer Restrat x'G5. To;kl5 press any key to boot From CD.... h:tf] massage cfpF5. of] cfPdf Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

8. computer setup lt/ uPkl5. o;df computer sf] hard disk df ePsf] Drive nfO{ b]vfp5.

9.cj xfld harddisk df ePsf] drive x? x6fP/ gofF jgfpbf l;S5f}F. xfldn] gofF jgfpFbf dfly jf6 ;'? u5f}F. eg] delete ubf{ tnjf6 ;'? ug'{k5{. install dfq ug{] eP Enter key lyRg'xf];\. / drive delete ug{ eP D key lyRg'xf];\. o;jf6 jflxl/g] xf] eg] F3 lyRg'xf];\. eg]/ task Bar df b]vfPsf] x'G5. xfld hard disk sf] drive nfO{ delete ug{ nfu]sf] x'gfn] clGtdsf] drive nfO{ select ul/ D key lyRg'xf];\.

10. Tol;kl5 continue ug{ sf] nflu Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

11. cj delete ug{sf] nflu keyboard sf] l key lyRg'xf];\.

12. o;/Lg} c? drive klg clGtd jf6 delete ub{} hfg'xf];\=. o;/L g} ;j} drive delete ul/;s]kl5. cj xfld gofF drive jgfpg l;S5f}{F. 80GB df 76317MB ePsf] hard disk nfO{ C: 40GB, D:30GB,E:20GB jgfpg nflu /x]sf 5f}F.

13. c drive jgfpgsf] nflu keyboard sf] c key lyRg'xf];\. c n] gofF partiotion create ub{5. o;df b]lvPsf] Drive sf] space nfO{ delete ug{'xf];\. / 40GB sf] 40000 type ug{'xf];\. Enter key ug{'xf];\. o;/L c Drive jgfpg ;lsG5.

14. csf]{ Drive jgfpg sf] nflu down arrow n] tnsf] unpartitioned spaces select u/]/ km]l/ c key lyRg'xf];\.

15. cj d drive 30GB sf] drive jgfpg sf] nflu o;df 30000 type u/L Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

16. cj E drive 20GB sf] drive jgfpg sf] nflu jfls ePsf] unparttioned space ;j} select ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\. o;/L C:, D:,E Drive s|dz 40GB,30GB,20GB sf] jgfpg ;lsG5. xp n] 8MB sf] space cf]u6]sf] x'G5.

17. To;kl5 xfd|f] hard disk df jgfPsf] drive C,D, E Drive b]lvG5. oL dWo] C Drive nfO{ select ul/ enter key lyRg'xf];\.

18.To;kl5 format the parttion using the NTFS file system (quick) nfO{ select ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

19. cj computer sf] C Drive format x'gyfN5.

20. cj o;/L Disk format x'G5.

21. flie format e};s]kl5 cfkm}F system file x? copy x'G5.

22. cj computer Restart x'G5. Restart kl5 press anykey to boot from CD... cfpF5. o;df jf o;kl5 cfpg] o:tf] massege df s'g} key jf Enter key glyRg'xf];\.

23.To;kl5 windows xp sf] Display b]vfpFb} computer open x'G5.

24. cj tnsf] h:tf] display b]Vg;Sg'x'G5.

25.To;kl5 program Install x'gyfN5.

26.next buttiondf click ug{'xf];\.

27. cj tnsf] dialog Bo,x df name / organizaton df eg] computer s'g 7fpFdf 5. Tof] type ug{'xf];\. h:t} home , office, cyber etc To;kl5 next Buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

28. csf]{ display df b]lvG5. To;df computer name, / passpord type ug{'xf];\.

29. next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

30. Date / time ldnfpg' xf];\.

31. To;kl5 next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

32. ok Buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

33. ok Buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

34. cj computer open x'G5.

35. cj km]l/ Drive x? Install x'g yfNb5.

36.o;/L xp jf6 computer install ul/G5.

operating system vista

operating system vista install ug]{ tl/sf computer df vista /fVgsf] nflu computer df CD/DVD Drive hf]8\g' k5{. lsg ls o;sf] software CD df DVD df pknJw 5. c?n] eGbf j9L capacity lng] ePsf] n] C Drive slDtdf klg 15 GB sf] x'g'k5{. computer on ug'{xf];\. computer dispaly x'G5. To;kl5 Bios df hfgsf] nflu keyboard jf6 delete key, F2,F1 key lyRb} 5f8\b} ug{'xf];\. hj;Dd Cmos setup (Bios) cfpFb}g. cmos setup cfPkl5 5f]l8lbg].

1. advanced Bioss Features select ug{'xf];\. / Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

2. To;kl5 first Boot Device df CD Rom select ug{'xf];\.

3. secod Boot Device df hard disk nfO{ select ug{'xf];\.

4. third Boot Device df klg hard disk nfO{ select ug{'xf];\.

5. save ug{sf] nflu F10 key lyRg'xf];\. jf Escape (Esc) Buttion key lyRg'xf];\.

6. save & Exit setup df hfg'xf];\. / Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

7. save to cmos & Exit (y/N): Y sf] jS;df y key lyr]/ vista sf] CD /fVg'xf];\. / Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

8.cj computer cfkm} restart x'G5.

9. To;kl5 press any key to boot from cd or DVD h:tf massege cfpF5. of] lglZrt ;do leqEnter key lyRg'xf];\.

10.cj windows is loading files b]lvG5.

11. computer n] cj processing ug{ yfN5.

12. processing eO{ /x]sf].

13. next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

14. cj vista sf] serial Number type ul/ next Buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

15. next Buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

16. i accept the license terms df click ug{'xf];\. / next Buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

17. program install ug{] drive nfO{ select ug{'xf];\. / next Buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

18. ok buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

19. cj software installing x'g yfN5.

20. processing eO{ /x]sf].

21. cj computer Restart x'G5.

22. user name / password type ul/ next Buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

23. km]l/ next Buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

24. ask me later df click ug{'xf];\.

25. date / time ldnfpg'xf];\. / next Buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

26.start df click ug{'xf];\.

27.processing eO{/x]sf].

28. password type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

29. cj computer open x'G5.

30. close df click ug{'xf];\.

31. task bar df Right buttion df click ug{'xf];\. / properties df click ug{'xf];\.

32. start menu df click ug{'xf];\.

33. classic start menu df click ug{'xf];\.

34. coustomize df click ug{'xf];\.

35. right x6fpg'xf];\.

36. ok buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

37. apply df click ug{'xf];\. / ok buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

38. windows sf] Icon x? b]lvG5.

CD keys:-

Windows 98

R6894-HXFT7-346TF-QHF78-Q96B3

JJDHM-JHJMB-R4W2K-8Y36V-T64BQ

BKKJ6-966MV-2P9WQ-DDFG7-HP8MQ

PYDMY-DVJ9J-996VH-JX66P-9TWKW

Windows 98 Second Edition

HQ6K2-QPC42-3HWDM-BF4KJ-W4XWJ

MASTER Win'98 key

QXDKH-RJX2P-XGWRM-F73D2-VJHHD

Windows ME

JFWP3-NG104-D6821-K57JY-JGRMG

B6BYC-6T7C3-4PXRW-2XKWB-GYV33

GRD3D-R3JF3-Y4J6D-X3QDK-T62XM

Windows 2000

VXKC4-2B3YF-W9MFK-QB3DB-9Y7MB

Windows 2000 Advanced Server

RBDC9-VTRC8-D7972-J97JY-PRVMG

Windows 2000 Professional

JV9Q7-9D37C-8VFTC-X824J-BYFGQ

Windows XP

CR9DM-RPMRW-WT2F3-JMK8G-PTG6T

Windows XP Professional

FCKGW-RHQQ2-YXRKT-8TG6W-2B7Q8

Windows XP (Service pack)

FH4HD-4JVJP-6G4GD-WWBGD-89JVH

Windows XP (server pack 2)

RHKG3-8YW4W-4RHJG-83M4Y-7X9GW

P2882-HQ9CC-DHFYG-YCDB3-BCJPJ

Windows VISTA

6DBMD-WBT6T-PDTYB-M9YKK-F7GCX

MS office 2000

GC6J3-GTQ62-FP876-94FBR-D3DX8

MS office xp professional

FM9FY-TMF7Q-KCKCT-V9T29-TBBBG

windows 2003 server

JB88F-WT2Q3-DPXTT-Y8GHG-7YYQY

Application program installing:-

Application program eGgfn] xfldn] k|of]u ug{] software h'g ;lhnf] / ljZjf;lgo 5. To;nfO{ g} application software xf] eg]/ xfld a'‰5f}F. application software user sf] requrirement sf] cfwf/df installed ul/G5. Application software nfO{ ;lhn} ;Fu removed / installed ug{ ;lsG5.

Xfld n] b}lgs h:tf] 3/, clkm; ,:s'n, sn]h cflb df al9 k|of]u ug{] program h:t} offices package( ms- word, ms- excel, power point), pagemaker, photoshop, freehand, corel draw cflb nfO{ application software elgG5. o:tf software x? CD k;nx? Dff / computer supplers df kfO{G5. o:tfsoftware nfO{ backup ul/ /fVg] tl/sf ca xfld l;Sg] 5f}F. photoshop cs₂nfO{ backup ul/ /fVg l;sfO{Psf] 5.

6. Kflxnf photoshop cs₂ sf] CD- rom nfO{ CD drive df /fVg].

7. My computer open ug]{ / CD drive df mouse sf] right buttion click ul/ open ug]{. Jf CD drive df 8jn click ug{'xf];\.

8. CD df ePsf] files ;a} nfO{ select ug{'xf];\.

9. Jff CD open ul/ s'g} Pp6f file df click ug{'xf];\. To;l5 ctrl+a ug{'xf];\. Clg select ePsf] s'g} Pp6f file df right buttion click ug{'xf];\. / copy df click ug{'xf];\.

10. Backup agfpg] drive nfO{ select click ug{'xf];\.

11. h:t} E: (drive) df backup agfpg] eP E drive open ug{'xf];\. / vfln 7fpFdf click ul/ new folder agfpg'xf];\.

12. To; folder sf] name backup click /fVg'xf];\.

13. Backup folder open ug{'xf];\. / o;df klg new folder agfpg'xf];\.

14. o;sf] gfd photoshop cs₂ /fVg'xf];\. / photoshop cs₂ folder open ug{'xf];\.

15. cl3 copy ul/Psf] file nfO{ o;df NofP/ paste ug{ sf] nflu vfln 7fpFdf mouse sf] right buttion click ug{'xf];\. / paste df ug{'xf];\. To;kl5 file x? copy x'G5. o;l/ c? klg file x? nfO{ backup ul/ /fVg ;lsG5.

office pakage 2003 install ug]{ tl/sf.

1. office pakage 2003 sf] CD rom nfO{, CD drive df /fVg].

2. Or backup u/]sf] drive af6 office pakage 2003 nfO{ open ug]{.

3.autorun nfO{ open ug'{xf];\.

4. install office system 2003 df click ug'{xf];\.

5.install df click ug{'xf];\.

6. Loading this file.

7. o;/L office 2003 setup x'g yfN5.

8. reinstall or repair df click ul/ next df click ug'{xf];\.

9.Reinstall office df tick ul/ install df ug{'xf];\.

10. loading files

11. o;/L file copy x'gyfN5.

13. clGtddf finish buttion df click ug'{xf];\.

Photoshope css2 sf] software install ug]{ tl/sf.

3. Photoshop cs2 sf] CD rom , CD drive df /fVg].

4. Or backup u/]sf] drive af6 Photoshop cs2 nfO{ open ug]{.

2. Setup df click ug{'xf];.\ .

Rounded Rectangular Callout: File loding eO{/x]sf].

3. Next buttion df click ug{'xf];.\ .

5. To;kl5 accept df click ug{'xf];.\ .

6. tnsf] box el/ Next buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

7. km]l/ Next buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Click here

8. all to IR df click ul/ Next buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

9. Install buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

Oval Callout: Click here

Oval Callout: Loding x'b}

10. tnsf] box nfO{ cancle ug{'xf];.\

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Click here

11. To;kl5 file setup x'gyfN5.

Oval Callout: Loding x'b}

12. clGtd df finish buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Click here

3 gb –video –converter install ug]{ tl/sf.

1. 3gb-video- converter sf] software sf] CD nfO{ CD drive df /fVg'xf];\. Jff backup ul/ /fv]sf] eP backup af6 3gb- video-converter open ug{'xf];\.

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Click here

2.I agree df click ug{'xf];\.

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Click here

3. Next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

5. km]l/ Next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

5. install buttion buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

6. To;kl5 files x? installing x'gyfN5.

7. To;kl5 run Imtoo 3gb video converter 3.1.10.1023b df tick ug{'xf];\. clg finish buttion buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

8. To;kl5 3 GP vedio converter b]lvG5. To;df tkfO{ n] vedio nfO{ converter ug{;Sg'x'G5.

Power DVD 7 sf] software install ug]{ tl/sf.

1. Power DVD sf] CD nfO{ CD Rom leq /fVg] / power DVD sf] CD nfO{ open ug{'xf];.\

2. Setup df click ug{'xf];.\

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Click here

3. Next buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

4. Yes buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

5. Dffly user name , company name type ul/ next buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

6. km]l/ next buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Click here

7. continue installation ug{ yes buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

Oval Callout: Click here

Oval Callout: Start loding file

1. clGtd df finish buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Click here

Nero brun software install ug]{ tl/sf.

1.Nero brun sf] CD Rom nfO{ CD drive leq /fVg'xf];\.

2.Jff back up ul/ /fv]sf] eP my computer open ug{'xf];.\

3.Drive open ug{'xf];.\ .

4.nero software open ug{'xf];.\

5. Set up df click ug{'xf];.\

$Rounded Rectangular Callout: 1. Next buttion click ug{'xf];.\$

6.Next buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

7. “I accept all temms of the proceding license agreement” df tick nufpg'xf];\ / next buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

8. Dffly sf] lrq df user name, company name, seral number key type ug{'xf];\ jf copy ug{'xf];\ / paste ug{'xf];\

Oval Callout: o;nfO{ o;l/ copy ug]{.

9. Nero bruning Rom installation wizard box el/ ;s]kl5 next buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

10.To;kl5 ok buttion df click ug{'xf];.\ nero install x'GyfN5.

Rectangular Callout: File loding eO/x]sf].

11.Yes buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

Rectangular Callout: Click here

12. Finish buttion df click ug{'xf];.\ To;lk tkfO{ sf] computer df nero install x'G5. Check ug{ tnsf] lrq x]g{'xf];\.

nero startsmart df click ug{'xf];\. To;kl5 nero sf] dialog box open x'G5. To;kl5 Nero sf] sfd ug{ ;Sg'x'G5.

Install u/]sf] software computer af6 x6fpg] tl/sf.

1. Control box open ug{'xf];.\

2. Add or remove df click ug{'xf];.\

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Click here

3. Add or remove programs sf] dialog box b]lvG5.

4. To;df tkfO{n] x6fpg nfu]sf] program df click ug{'xf];.\ tn photoshop cs2 x6fpg] tl/sf b]vfO{Psf] 5. o;l/ g} c? program x6fpg ;lsG5.

5. Adobe photoshop cs2 df click ug{'xf];.\ / side df /x]sf] change/Remove df click ug{'xf];.\

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Click here

6. Next buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

7. Remove df tick nufpg'xf];\. / Next buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Click here

8. Remove my preference df click ug{'xf];.\

9. Next buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

Rectangular Callout: Click here Rounded Rectangular Callout: Click here

10. Remove df click ug{'xf];.\

Oval Callout: Click here

11. Tokl5 setup ePsf] file x? uninstall x'gyfN5.

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Click here

12. File x? uninstall eO{/x]sf].

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Uninstalling files

13. clGtddf finish buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Click here

Nepali font /fVg] tl/sf.

1. ca tkfO{ n] save u/]sf] nepali font sf] folder open ug{'xf];.\ jf nepali font sf] CD rom nfO{ CD drive df /fVg'xf];\.

23. To;kl5 ;a} nfO{ select ug{'xf];.\ / copy ug{'xf];.\

24. Klxnf control panel open ug{'xf];.\

25. Fonts open ug{'xf];.\

26. To; fonts sf] vfln 7fpF df mouse sf] right buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

27. Paste buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

28. To;kl5 ok buttion df click ub}{ hfg'xf];\ font x? klg copy x'gyfN5 . o;l/ computer df font x? /flvG5.

6. laleGg kmfO{n df /x]sf] text x?nfO{ Pp6} kmfO{n df NofP/ ldnfO{ /fVg (mail merging) ug{ ;lsG5.

7. 6]an, ul0ftLo, u|flkmsn lrqz? Equation, imprt, export ug{ ;'lawf x'G5.

8. tof/ ul/Psf] 8s'd]08 nfO{ elaiodf k|of]u ug{, cd,floppy, pendrive,harddisk, dvd disk df nfdf] ;do ;Ddsave ul/ /fVg ;lsG5.

9. tof/ agfPsf] file nfO{ e-mail dfkm{t cfbg k|bfg ug{sf] nflu ;lhnf] 5.

Computer virus

s'g} klg /f]lu JolQm sf] lhjf0f' geO{ sg Ps k|sf/sf] k|f]u|fd xf]. h'g cfkm} computer df pTkGg eO{ Pp6f computer jf6 csf]{ computer df km}lnG5. o;n] computer df cgfjZos ;d:ofx? pTkGg u/]/ k|of]ustf{ nfO{ x}/fg kf5{. o;sf] ;fy ;fy} computer sf] data jf program x? g:6 ul/lbG5. clxn] ljZjdf 5l/P/ /x]sf nfvf}F/÷ s/f]8f}F computer dWo] clwsfD; computer df virus n] ;tflx/x]sf] x'G5.. o:tf ;d:ofsf] sf/0f s}og j}FÍx? cf}ifwfno, lj1fg k|of]]uZffnf, ljZjljBfno, Jofkfl/s ;+:yf tyf JolQmut computer x? k|efljt x'gyfn]sf] 5. o;sf] ;dfwg zsf] nflu ljleGg anti-virus sf] software x? jhf/df pknJw 5.

virus sf] k|sf/x?

1. Boot sector (start up ) infector.

2. system infector.

3. application infector.

computer df virus ;g]{ dfWodx?

1. internet & e-mail jf6 files x? downlod ubf{.

2. u]d sf] software af6.

3. virus ePsf] pendrive computer df 3';f{bf cfbL.

computer virus sf nIf0fx?

1. file & folder x? nfO{ d]l6lbf] jf n'sflbg].

2. file x? sf] size nfO{ kl/jt{g ul/lbG5.

3. computer sf] ult sfd u/fO{lbG5.

4. computer XofË jgfpF5.

5. computer df cgfjZos file x? b]vfpF5.

6. computer sf] :d/0f zlQm 36fpF5.

7. program open ubf{ gv'Ng] jf w]/} ;do nufpg] ub{5.

8. lgb]{zg cg';f/ computer n] sfd gug{' cfbL.

anti-virus software

computer k|f]u|fd/ x? n] jgfPsf] virus xf]. o;l/ jgfPsf] program jf virus x6fpg jgfPsf] software nfO{ anti-virus software elgG5. h;n] computer df nfu]sf] virus nfO{ vf]lh g:6 ug{] sfd u5{. o;sf] nflu anti- virus sf] software lsg]/ cfˆgf] computer dfupdate ul/ virus scan ug{'k5{. o;f]ubf{ computer virus af6 program jf data nfO{ g:6 x'g af6 jrfp5.

s]lx k|rlnt anti- virus sf gfdx?

1. norton anti-virus.

2.AVG anti-virus.

3.Norman virus control.

4. panda anti-vrius.etc

Anti-virus software install ug]{ tl/sf.

16. Anti-virus sf] CD Rom nfO{ CD drive leq /fVg'xf];\. / setup df click ug{'xf];\.

17. s]lx ;do kl5 file setup x'gyfN5.

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Loding files

3. Next buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Click here

4. Continue buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

5. Accept buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Click here

6. km]l/ accept buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Click here

7. To;kl5 loding eO{/x]sf] dialog box b]lvG5.

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Loding this files

8. Repair installation df tick ug{'xf];.\

9. next buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

10. km]l/ next buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Next buttion on click

11. km]l/ next buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

Oval Callout: Click here

12. file x? loding x'g yfN5.

Rounded Rectangular Callout: Loding this files

13. clGtd df ok buttion buttion df click ug{'xf];.\

$Rounded Rectangular Callout: Installation complete eP kl5 ok buttion df click ug{'xf;\.$

anti-virus scan ug{] tl/sf

1. computer df scan ug]{ disk, file,folder nfO{ select ug{' xf];\. xfld E: nfO{ scan ug{ nflu /x]sf 5f}F.

2. E drive dfly right buttion click ug{'xf];\.

3. scan selected files with antivir df click ug{'xf];\. To;kl5 E: scan x'g yfNb5.

4. clGtddf End df click ug{'xf];\. o;l/ c? files & drive scan ug{ ;lsG5.

User and Group agfpg] tl/sf.

Steps:-

1. Control panal vf]Ng'xf];\.

2. Administrative tools vf]Ng'xf];\.

3. Computer management vf]Ng'xf];\.

4. Local user and group df click ul/ right hand side sf] user dfly double click ug]{. Vfln 7fpFdf click ul/ new user df click vf]Ng'xf];\.

1. Ca box df user sf] gfd type ug{'xf];\. Full name df k'/f gfd type ug{'xf];\. / cGTodf description box df s:tf] vfnsf] user agfpg] xf]. Tof] type ug]{. h:t}ls administrator n]v]df Tof] user sf] privilege (power) computer df h]klg ug{ ;Sg] x'G5. t/ olb user n]v]df Tof] user sf] privilege computer df h] kfof] To} ug{ ldNb}g / ljz]if ul/ To:tf] user olx cfkm'afx]s c?nfO{ rnfpg lbg] xf] eg] description df hlxn] klg user type ug]{. User n] computer df software install ug{. Upgrade ug{ ePsf] programs nfO{ x6fpg h:tf sfd ug{ ldNb}g.

2. Ca Tof] user nfO{ password provideug]{ password box df password type u/]/ password confirmation box df klg same password type ug{'k5{.

3. cGTodf user must change password on next log on sf] tick nfO{ x6fpg].

4. User cannot change password df tick ug]{.

5. Password never expire df tick ug]{. / olx user rnfpg glbg] xf] eg] account in disable df tick ug]{.

6. ;a} ;s]kl5 ok u/]/ log of ug]{ / gofF agfPsf] user af6 log in ul/ s'g} software install ul/x]g{' ca ldNb}g / Pp6f message b]vfkb{5. To;df user nfO{ o:tf] sfd ug{ ldNb}g eGg] x'G5. t/ olb description df administrator eP km]l/ ldN5. Finally creafing user and group is one of the must important part of administrative work so you must create user or group for systematic work drive h:t} ls c:, D:, E: nfO{ user n] vf]Ng gldNg] ug{.

7. Administration af6 log in x'g].

8. To;kl5 s'g} drive nfO{ user n] vf]Ng gldNg] agfpg] xf] eg] To; drive dfly right click ug'{xf];\. h:t} D: drive dfly right click ug'{xf];\.

4. ca sharing & security sd click ug'{xf];.

5. To;kl5 cfpg] aS;df security df click ug'{xf];. To; aS; df group and user name b]vf kb{5. To;df user nfO{ select ug{]. / permission for user df foll control n] lvPsf] 7fpFdf deny df tick ug]{. Olb foll control olb deny gug{] t/ write rflx ug{ glbg] / c? ug{ lbg] eP write df deny ug]{ / c?nfO{ allow ug]{ t/ full control df rflx tick gug{]. Ca eg] sfd ;lsG5. User name af6 leq k:g] / D: drive df sfd ul/x]g'{;\. Yffxf kfpg] xf] s] eof] elg of] sfd rflx windows operating system 2000,2003 server jf professivntion df dfq} ug{ ldNb5. Lsg eg] high security sf nflu ag]sf operating system xf].

Quota:-

This is one of the most important parts of windows operating system and it will allow the administrator to control the hard disk space to the created users.

Steps:-

1. Login through administrator.

2. Select the drive in which you prefer to setup quota for example D:

3. Then right click on it and choose sharing and security then chose quota.

4. Click on enable quota click on quota entries button and on the next window.

5. Go to quota menu choose new quota entry.

6. Click on advance buttion and click on find it will display the existing user o your computer.

7. Then select the required user and click ok and again click ok.

8. After all choose the quota limitation for example click on limit disk space to and enterthe disk limitation for that user and click on next set worning level for example if you have 1000mb quota and want to set warning message when your disk usage is up to 700mb then enter there 700.

9. And get back to previous quota box and tick on denly disk space.

10. Log event when a user exceeds their quota.

11. Log event when a user exceeds their warning.

12. When finished click ok and switch to that user and create a file more than 1000 mb space and check the effect.

PC (personal computer) trouble shooting

Findout the set death case of computer.

1. If keybord led is not glowing when pressing numluck key.

2. If harddisk led is not glowing when loading operating system.

3. No hard disk sound when loading operating system.

4. No single bee of bios.

5. No display on the moniter.

(note:- if you see aforesaid symploms it is the case of set death)

Components for causing set death:-

1. Power supply problem.

2. Motherbord problem.

3. Bios problem.

4. Cpu and fan problem.

5. Ram and ram slod/Bank.

6. In some motherboard, battery or wrong cmos configuration can cause the problem.

Find out power supply or mother board problem

1. Swith on the computer.

2. Check the smps fan if fan does not run disconnect the power supply connector from motherboard and again switsh on the computer.

3. If power supply fan it means these may be problem in power control section of motherboard.

4. If ther is no problem in the power control section of the motherboard detect the fault by cro (cathod ray ossicallution) there maybe problem in interfacing section.

5. Or check the power supply voltage by multi meter without disconneltly motherboard.

6. If there is any defrection there mau se problem in motherboard power control section.

7. If there is no voltage in power supply connetor there may be problem in power supply.

Findout cpu and cpu fan problem

1. If cpu fan dosenot run there may be cpu fan problem .

2. If cpu is heated or cpu socket is short circuit there may be cpu or socket problem.

3. If cpu not fixed properly in cpu socket check it.

4. Change new cpu and check again.

Ram and Ram slot/Bank problem

1. If Ram slot/Bank is short circuit there may be Ram slot/Bank problem.

2. Change the Ram in text slot.

3. Memory chip not properly fixed in memory slot,check it.

4. In some motherboard other company’s RAM is installed check it.

Find out the Battery or wrong cmos configuration

1. In some motherboard battery is damaged or wrong cmos configuration is stored in cmos RAM there may be set death case,so remove the barrery and switch on the computer or change battery.

(Note :-in some motherboard if battery is damaged or wrong cmos configuration is esralished it may affect power supply fan)

BIOS problem Baisc input and output if Bios chip is damaged or Blos program is corrupfed or Bios is loosely connected there my be set death case.

1. Tighten the Bios and check it.

No setdeath case

2. If keyboard led is glowing when prossing Numluck key.

3. If hardisk led is glowing when loading operating system.

4. If harddisk sound when loading o/s

5. Single beep of Bios

6. No display on the monitor.

(Note:-it is not set death case it is Display problem)

1. May be display card is damaged or conflicted with other card.

2. May be display card not fixed properly or loose connection with moniter.

3. May be display card slot is damaged.

4. May be VGA port is short circuit or conficted with other port or VGA cable is damaged or loose.

5. May be moniter cable is damaged.

6. May be moniter power problem or moniter is damaged.

Bios:- Basic input output system

Bios is a temthat stands for basic input /output system which cansists of low level software that controls the system hardware and acts as on interface between the operating system and the hardware most people know the term Blos by another name device drivers or just drivers . In other words the Bios is drivers meaning all of than Blos is essentially the link between hardware and software in a system.

(BIOS and CMOS RAM)

Some people confuse BIOS with the cmos RAM in system . This confusion is aided by the facts that the setup program in the BIOS.BIOS is used to set and store the comfiguration setting in the cmos RAM.They are in fact two to tally separate components.

The BIOS on the motherboard is stored in a fix Rom chip also on the motherboard is a chip called the RTC/NvRAM chip which stands for real time clock /Non Volatile memory . This is where the BIOS setup information is stored and it is usually called the cmos because it is made using ( complementry metal-oxide semicoductor)

Most RTC/NVRAM chips run on as little as I micro amp [millionth of an amp]so they Vse very little battery to run when you enter your BIOS setup comfigure your hard disk parameters or other BIOS setup settings and save them. These setting are written to the storage area in the RTC/NvRAM (cmos RAM)chip . Every time your computer boot up it reads the parameters stored in the cmos RAM chip to determine how the system should be configured Arelation ship exists between the BIOS and cmos RAM but they are two distinctiy different parts of the system.

Message in computer

Message:-1

“System file missing “Invaeid system disk then it mean your anyone of three system files are deleted.

1. Io.sys

2. msDos. Sys

3. conommand com

Solution:-Extract sys.com file from win98 backup.

l.e.E:/win98>extract/a base4.sys.

com/Ic:\enter

If your window 98 is present in any gther drive then in stead of E:\go to that drive and extract sys.comfile.then goto c:\>drive.

C:\>sys A:c:enter(Here A is not floppy drives)

This is win98 bootable CD present In CD Rom A:acfually virroal drive of CD.Rom

Worning:-

You have to use bootable CD of bootable disk of some operating system and some version which are going to repair e.g. if your window 95 operating system is damaged then you have to bring bootable CD or diskette of window 95.

Message2:-

“Ntidr missing “it means system files of either “winxp” or “win2000” is missing sollution:-

You have to make bootable diskette in floppy of ‘winxp’ or ‘win2000’.suppose you have ‘win98 and ‘winxp’both operating system than if message ‘NTIdr’ missing then both operating system doesnot work if you have “winxp”operating system and it is domaged them do following things:-

1. Format your floppy from “window xp: operating system from other computer which has “windowsxp” working properly .

2. To format from “winxp”

3. Go to my “computer”Double click .

4. Select floppy drive [floppy must be already inside the floppy drive]

5. Right click and select ‘format’

6. Now go to Dos prompt and follow these sleps (in properly working winxp)

C:\Attrib-s-h-r boot in:Enter

C:\Attrib-s –h-r Ntldr enter

C:\Attrib-s-h-r Ntldetect.com enter

C:\Attrib-s-h-r bootsect.dos enter

Now copy this to floppy keep formated floppy from xp inside drive.

C:\copy boot in A:\ Enter

C:\copy Ntldr :A:\enter

C:\copy bootsect dos A:\enter

Now after coping these file take out ‘winxp’ bootable floppy and insert in the computer where ‘winxp’is damaged start the computer you will see the will xp setup.

4. Diskette boot failvye of in valid disk

Solution

Remove the floppy / on formatted from floppy drive or replace it with bootable floppy your system filles have damaged perair it by transformating system files.

5. “keyboard error or keyboard not found”

Solution

1. Ether our cpu is supporting AT model or we are using XT model keybord. Use same model.

2. Some key may have been pressed make it normal.

6. Asson as computer started it says it is safe to turn off the computer.

Solution:-

1. Start the computer.

2. Soon press f8

3. You will seet the following options.

Normal.

Logged c:\boollogged.text.

Safe mode.

Command prompt only.

Step by step conrigration.

Safe mode command prompt only.

Previovs version of ms dos.

29. You have to choose “step by step” configuration if will display following steps and you have to select “y” or “n” to correct above problems. This method is very usefull if modem sound card VGA drive is not accepting.

i. Create a startup of log file (booting text) (center= y), (esc = N ) select N.

ii. Process your starting device drivers (configuration system (enter =y) (esc =N) select N.

iii. Device = c:\ windows system (enter = y) (esc = N) slecet Y.

iv. Device hign = C:\ windows\if ship: sys (enter=y) (esc=N) select y.

v. Load the windows graphical user interface (enter = y) (esc = N) select Y.

vi. Load all the windows drivers (enter = Y), (esc = N) select Y.

vii. Restart computer.

30. Seek Reacling in drive C.

Solution:-

There is a trouble in the controller card controlling the harddisk or its connection loose there fore either replace the controller card or correct the connection or the harddisk is not properly formatted reformat it or if the cable of the controller card is decayed replace the some.

31. File all ocation table bod

Solution:-

If means file all ocation table has become bad please format it.

32. “general failvre”

Solution:-

If means partition table of the hard disk has been dedted format it if it dosen’t format then it means hard disk is damaged.

33. Data error Reading drive C.

Solution:-

It means bad sector has tahen place some where in hard disk and the file being so capid by us belongs to that bad sector only to over come this we use the scan disk command of the dos to shift the file placed in the bad sector to some.

Sector place and many this permanently mark that bad sector to save data we can ucse the scan disk command in windows 95 also in the windows 95 this command belongs to system tool placed under the accessories.

34. Seek error.

Solution:-

It suggests the connection of drive id not allvrate with floppydisk controller card. There is some problem with the controller card . so first of all connect the cable properly.

35. Sector not found:-

Solution:-

If suggests the disk being used is formatted by some other drivers there fore it may be reformatted and used.

36. Bad commandor file name.

Solution :-

If gives massage when you typed the wrong mostly speling of command is wrong don’t miss colons back and forward slashes and full stops.

37. “cmos” battery has faild.

Solution:-

Change the lithium battery from motherboard.

38. Diskette drivers or type mismatch error run setup:

Solution:-

It means the driver we have defined in cmoc differs from the driver actually installed go to cmos and define the configuration of the driver again.

39. Memory verifyat……..

Solution:-

Ram chip is not proper chech and change it .

40. Offending segent.

Solution

Ram is not working properly shange it.

41. FDD ERROR

Solution :-

Data cable of FDD may have fitted in reverse derection power supply port is not fitted in fdd or i/o card losse fitting or I\o card may be defective.

42. HDD fail:-

Solution:-

i. Data cable not connected properly or may be connected reverse direction (pN6f]x'g')

ii. Voltage supply of smps is not proper and i\o card may be loosely connected.

iii. Improper setting of harddisk drive type in cmos and improper jumper setting of hard disk.

iv. Hard disk may have damage or crashed it self.

43. Memory test fail

Solution:-

i. Due to improper fixing of memory chips in memory slots and due to misatehing memory chips (different types of memory chip used).

ii. Due to defect of memory solt in motherboard and defective memory chips.

44. Fatal error:-

Solution :-

Cpu coller is not working properly and heat the processor change it but sometimes. It may be due to memory perblem.

45. Illegal operation

Solution :-

Due to software not installed properly or corrupted software files feinstall particupr software properly.

46. Multidimension case of pc

i. No display in computer screen probale cause.

ii. Lose connection of moniter cable with display card.

Solution:-

Connect moniter cable properly with display card port.

47. Display card not fixed properly in display card slot.

Solution :

Fix display card properly in display card slot and check for display.

48. Memory chips not fixed properly in memory slots.

Solution :

Fix memory chips properly in memoryslots and recheck for display.

49. Process ont fixed properly in cpu slot.

Solution:

Fix processor properly and check for display.

50. Resolution of monitor is setup in very high resulation which is not supported by your monitor/ (in win 95/98 program)

Solution:

Start your computer in safe mode and reduce the regulation setup then check .

Start computer.

Press F8.

Open computer with safe mode (enter).

51. May be due to defect of display card .

Solution:

Change display card and check .

52. Power supply does not supply rated voltage.

Solution:

Change power supply and check for display.

53. Ma be due to defective monitor.

Solution:-

Check display by filling other working moniter if so repair your monitor.

54. Motherboard defective.

Solution:

Check by changing your mother board if so change your board.

55. Some time due to reverse connection of data cable with HDD.

Solution:

Due to this due reason display problem comes rarely still check for it bby checking connection of HDD.

56. Display comes but not clears as reguired or expected.

i. Imporoper installation of display driver.

Solution:

Check for installed display driver if ti is not some with your display card chipset than install exact display drivers which is same with your display card chipset.

ii. Due to high resolution setting of monitor which is not supported by your monitor.

Solution:

Restart your computer is safe mode and set resolution in law order.

57. Continvos beeping sound comes when computer is swttched on an display doesn’t come.

i. Memory chips do not foxed properly In memory slots.

Solution:

Check for it and so fix properly and restart your computer for elimination of sound and display.

ii. Memory slots in motherboards in defectives .

Solution:

For that you have to change your motherboard.

iii. Display card does not fixed properly in boards.

Solution:

Check and fix it properly and check either the problem is solved or not.

iv. May be due to defect of display card.

Solution:

Check by changing your display card if the problem is solved change your display card.

58. Floppy drives power IDE glows continvoosly and FDD does not work.

i. Data cable eof FDD may have fitted in reveres direction.

Solution:

Check it and connect data cable in proper direction.

### FDD error ##

i. Data cable of FDD may have fitted in reverse dirrction.

Solution:

Check it and connect data cable in proper direction.

ii. Power supply port is not fitted in FDD.

Solution:

Check and connect power port to FDD.

iii. I/O card loose fiftting or I/O card may be defective.

Solution:

Check and do necessary change I/O card is found defective.

### FDD not reading.###

ii. Diskette you one using may be defective.

Solution:

Check by changing your good quality diskette.

iii. Improper setting of FDD type in cmos utiliy program.

Solution:

Check FDD type in cmos program and if it does not match set it with proper type of FDD.

iv. Due to dirt I side FDD (contamination in read / write head of FDD)

Solution:

Clean diskette and check.

v. FDD read / write head does not move.

solution:

Lubricate (lrNnf] a:t'') all moving assembly and check.

vi. FDD read / write head etcc may damage .

Solution :

For it you have to change your FDD.

#### hard disk drive (HDD) fail ###

i. Data cable not connected properly.

Solution:-

Check for loose connection and restart your computer for verification.

ii. Data cable in reverse side.

Solution:

Check it and if so connect it in proper direction.

iii. Power cable not connected in HDD.

Solution :-

Connect power cable to power connector part of HDD.

iv. Voltage supply by power supply is not proper.

Solution:

Check voltage supplied by power supply.

v. Improper setting of hard disk type in cmos.

Solution:-

Define proper hard disk type in cmos setup.

vi. Improper jumper setting of hard disk for master and slave setting.

Solution:-

Check and fix jumper in proper way.

vii. Hard disk may have damaged / crashed mit self.

Solution:

If hard disk shas been crashed you can lisrens some unusual sound from your computer check proper than change your drive if it has crashed.

### memory test Fail ###

i. Due to improper fixing of memory chips in memory slots.

Solution:-

Fix memory chips properly.

ii. Due to mismatching of memory chips (different types of memory chip used)

Solution:-

Use same type of memory chips.

iii. Due to defect of memory slolts in motherboard.

Solution:-

If memory slot is damaged most probably you have to change your motherboard.

iv. Defective memory chips.

Solution:-

For that you have to change your memory chips.

#### processor doesnot detected properly (eg. Speed of processor etc)###

i. Improper jumper setting of motherboard in 486 and old models of Pentium mother boards.

Solution:-

Refer manual of motherboard and d set jumper properly.

ii. Proper selection / speed setting of cpu in cmos utility program.

Solution :-

Set selection / speed of cpu in cmos utility program properly.

iii. Motherboard may not support your rated cpu .

Solution:-

You can verify it by studying motherboard manual if so change your M/B which support your cpu.

### computer reset it selp ###

I. Power supply unit does not regulate voltage properly.

Solution:-

Check output of power supply port and if found so repair power supply or change it.

vii. May be due to voltage flutvation.

Solution:-

If voltage fluctuation is very high in your house better to use voltage regulator and UPS.

viii. Memory modaels may be defective.

Solution:-

Change memory modules.

ix. Hard disk drive is full with data and program.

Solution:-

Delete your unnecessary files and datas in your drive and vacant some space in your drive.

x. Mother board may be defective.

Solution :-

Change your motherboard.

xi. Cpu cooler is not working properly.

Solution:-

Change your cpu cooler.

xii. Processor may be defective.

Solution :-

Change your processor.

### computer hang problem & solution problems.###

i. Improper seting peripherals in cmos.

ii. Virus infection in your programs and documents.

iii. Memory may be defective or mismatch of memory modules.

iv. Confict of one peripheral with other peripherals.

v. Due to improper power output from power supply port.

vi. Improper installationof drivers of peripherals.

vii. Insufficient memory in your system as per required by your programs.

viii. Insufficient disk space in your hard disk drive.

ix. Cpu cooler not working properly.

x. Due to motherboard.

xi. Not compatible peripherals with mother board used (e.g. sound card, display card, modem etc.)

xii. May be corrupted program files or program installed improperly.

xiii. Bad sector in hard disk drive.

xiv. Due to few specific games and software installed in your computer.

xv. Due to defective mouse and keyboards.

xvi. Desktop resolution of monitor set in higher range.

### computer hang of solution ###

i. Set all the parameters properly in (cmos).

ii. Scan your all drivers with latest virus scanner.

iii. Use same type of memory modules and change them if these are found defective.

iv. Check it in your device.

v. Check it repair your power supply.

vi. Install proper drivers of peripheral.

vii. Upgrade your memory to which capacity as per required by your program.

viii. If there is no sufficient free space in your hard disk than also your computer may hang for that delete files temporally files and unnecessary programs in your disk and make space free to run the program.

ix. Change your cpu cooler > (350-650) rs.

x. Change the motherboard.

xi. Use compatible cards.

xii. Reinstall program properly.

xiii. Try to remove bad sector by software programs otherwise change your drive.

xiv. Remove those programs.

xv.Change your kryboard and mouse.

xvi. Change that setting in lower order.

### computer slow problem and solution ###

i. In sufficint memory required by our programs.

ii. In sufficient free disk space un your hard disk.

iii. Due to virus infection.

iv. Lower speed processor in your system.

v. Too many programs runing at same time.

vi. Lots of programs kept in start up.

vii. Low video memory in display card.

### computer slow problem’s solution ###

i. Upgrade your memory.

ii. Delete vnnecessary files and programs otherwise change your drive.

iii. Scan your drive with latest virous scanner.

iv. Upgrade latest model of processor.

v. Do not run too many programs at the same time.

vi. Remove few programs from start up.

vii. Use display card with highvides memory.

### mouse hang (no defection of mouse) ###

i. Conflilt in computer ports settings.

ii. Cables for ports net connected properly in motherboard.

iii. Dost in mouse ball, ball roller does not move properly.

iv. Mouse defective.

### solution ###

i. Install computer ports properly.

ii. Connect cable properly.

iii. Service it properly.

iv. Change your mouse.

### sound not coming or sound coming but not as expected quality.###

i. Connection of sound card with speaker is not proper.

ii. Sound cared not fixed properly in the board .

iii. Sound card driver not installed properly.

iv. Conflict of sound card with other devices.

v. Audio cable not connected between CD Rom drive and sound card.

vi. Volume level are set in low level or mute.

vii. Sound card may be defective.

### solution###

i. Connect speaker properly.

ii. Fix sound card driver properly.

iii. Try to remove conflict by changing.

iv. Install sound card driver properly.

v. Connect audio cables set.

vi. Set volume level properly and disable mute.

vii. Change your sound card.

viii. Change your speaker.

### CD-ROM drive notworking (problem and solution ) ###

i. Improper jumper setting.

ii. Dirt in lens of drive.

iii. Driver software not installed properly.

iv. Due to improper connection of data cable in between hard disk and CD-ROM drive.

v. Power cable not connected properly in the drive.

vi. CD-ROM drive defect it self.

#### solution ###

i. Set jumper properly.

ii. Clean drive with lens cleaner CD.

iii. Install drive properly.

iv. Connect cable properly.

v. Connect power cable properly.

vi. Change the drive.

### CD’s not reading properly in the drive problem. ###

i. Due to scratched CD.

ii. Lens of driver is dirty.

iii. Speed of driver is slow.

iv. Due to defect of driver.

v. Lens of driver function properly.

### solution ###

i. Use good quality of CD.

ii. Clean with lens cleanner CD.

iii. Use high speed drive.

iv. Change the drive.

### video CD’s not playing properly (jerky prcture hang etc.)

Problem:-

i. Video memory in display card is less.

ii. Not enovgh free space in HDD.

iii. Display card does not function properly for VCD.

iv. Due to defect of cd it self.

v. VCD not reading properly by CD ROM drive.

### solution ###

I. Use display card with high capacity video memory.

II. Delete unnecessary files in HDD and make sure then are mare space.

III. Change display card.

IV. Change with good quality CD.

V. Change CD-ROM drive.

### color problem in moniter display.###

i. Pin in monitor cable (which is fitted in display port is bent or change.

ii. Due to defective display card.

iii. Due to in compobility or display card .

iv. Due to defective moniter.

v. Due to moniter ( like keeping speakers near to the monitor)

### color solution in monitor display###

i. Make it proper.

ii. Change it.

iii. Use compatible display card.

iv. Repair monitor.

v. Keep these items little bitfer forom monitor.

## no power on while switching on computer problem. ##

i. Improper connection of power cable etc.

j. Power on switch defective.

k. Power supply defective.

### solution ###

i. Connect it properly.

ii. Repair it or change it.

iii. Repair power supply.

TV CARD

tv card eg]sf] computer df of] card hf]l8 tv x]g{ ;lsG5. h;nfO{ xfld tv card eGb5f}F. tv card klg b'O{ yl/sf] x'G5.

1. internal tv card.

2. extrnal tv card.

internal tv card eGgfn] computer sf] motherboard df sound card jf Graphic card /fv]h;l/ o;nfO{ /fVg'k5{. To;kl5 o;sf] software install ug{'xf];\. clgdfq xfld computer df tv x]g{;S5f}F. h;nfO{ xfld internal tv card eGb5f}F.

extrnal tv card.

motherboard df ghf]l8sg aflx/ 5'§} box x'G5. h;nfO{ xfld extrnal tv card eGb5f}F. extrnal tv card hf]8\g l;sf}F.

Networking connection

Networking

networking eg]sf] computer x? nfO{ Pscfk;df hf]l8Psf] hfnf] xf]. h;nfO{ computer hutdf g]6j{s elgG5. pQm network cGtu{t sf coputer df /flvPsf ;'rgfx? Ps computer jf6 csf]{ computer df data jf cGo files x? k7fpg tyf k|+fKt ug{ ;lsG5. ljleGg 7fpFdf /x]sf] computer nfO{ ljw'lto pks/0fx? sf] dfWod jf6 Ps cfk;df hf]8]/ jgfPsf] hfnf] (network) xf]. h;nfO{ xfld internet klg eGb5f}F. internet sf] dfWod af6 xfld s'g} Ps 7fpFdf /x]sf] internet network sf] computer df a;]/ ;+;f/sf]] s'g} klg s'gf df /x]sf] internet network sf] computer df a;]sf] JolQm ;+u ;Dk{s / ;'rgf cfbg k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5. o:tf] ;'ljwfjf6 Pp6f computer df ePsf ;'rgf tyf 8f6fx? csf]{ computer df k7fpg / ToxfF sf] computer df ePsf data x? oxfF sf] computer df Nofpg internet sf] dfWodjf6 ;lsG5. o:tfsfdx? sf nflu tL computer x? Ps cfk;df hf]8\g' kb{5. / o;/L hf]8\g computer jfx]s cGo ljw'lto pks/0f x? (modem, telephoneline, vsat, satellite P+j wreless networking Equipment x? ;d]t klg cfjZos k5{. o;nfO{ computer If]qdf g]6j{lsË elgG5. computer network nfO{ size, distance / structure ul/ ltg efu df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5.

1. local area network. (LAN)

2. wide area network. (WAN)

3. metropolitan area network. (MAN)

local area network

Pp6} ejg jf sf]7f jf s'g} Ps lglZrt ;fgf] If]q leq /x]sf] computer nfO{ tf/n] hf]l8 :yfkgf ul/Psf ;~hfn nfO{ nf]sn If]q ;~hfn local area network eGb5. o; leqsf] computer x? ;fwf/0ftof b'O{ lsnf] ld6/ sf] 3]/fleq /flvPsf] x'G5. l/lk6/ sf] dfWod jf6 5 km ;Dd j9fpg ;lsG5. lan area network nfO{ b'O{ efu df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5.

1.peer -to-peer architecture:-

o;df 5'§}F kmfOn ;e{/ geO{sg ;a} computer sf] ;xeflutf j/fj/ ePsf] network nfO{ peer to peer architecture elgG5. pbfx/0f sf] nflu computer sf] workgroup networking lng ;lsG5. hxfF file server ePsf] x'b}g t/ k|To]s js{ :6];g workstation x? n] cfkm';+u ePsf] data , program jf hardware nfO{ Ps computer af6 csf]{ computer df cfbg k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5. file, data, program nfO{ searing ug{sf] nflu cfhef]ln of] networking sf] rng j9\g yfn]sf] kfO{G5.

2. client server network

client server network eGgfn] server /flvPsf] network xf]. h'g man computer nfO{ server elgG5.m server n] cfjZos eGbf j9L sfd ug{ lbg] jf glbg] h:tf client user nfO{ control ug{] u5{. client eg]sf] server n] lbPsf] lglZrt clwsf/ leq a;]/ sfd ug{' k5{. To; jfx]s eg] sfd ug{ lbb}g. o;nfO{ Node jf work station klg elgG5. work station / node x? n] file server sf] lgb]{zgdf sfd ug{'kg]{ x'G5. file server sf] hard disk leq ;Dk"0f{ data / program x? e08f/ ul//fv]sf] x'G5. o;/L /flvPsf] program x? nfO{ work station x?n] cf–cfˆgf] k|of]hg cg';f/ sfd u5{g\. lan If]qdf Pp6f file server df 2 b]lv 100 cf]6f ;Dd 6ld{gnx? hf]8]/ sfd ug{ ;lsG5. t/ o;df 100 eGbf sd 6ld{gnx? /fv]/ sfd ubf{ /fd|f] dflgG5.

Bus topology

Pp6} tf/ df (t1,t2,t3,.........tn) h:tf ljleGg 6ld{gnx? hf]l8 LAN (Local area Networking cGt{ut sfd ug{] ;~hfn nfO{ BUS topology elgG5. o;df ePsf] ;j} 6ld{gn x?nfO{ sfd ug{] cfb]z file server n] lbPsf] x'G5. BUS topology k|of]u ubf{ cfpg] ;d:ofx? kQf nufpg sl7g kb{5.

Ring Topology:

computer nfO{ uf]nf] 3]/f leq Pp6} tf/df com1,com2,com3,.....h:tf gfd lbP/ computer x? nfO{ Ps csf{df hf]l8P/ local area network ;+u sfd ug{' nfO{ BUS Topology / Ring topology elgG5. o;df klg BUS Topology n] h:t} sfd ub{5.

Star topology

ljleGg computer nfO{ cnu cnu tf/n] HUB ;Ë hf]8]/ local area network ;+u sfd ug{'nfO{ star topology elgG5. o;df Pp6f node ljlu|P klg c? s'g} klg node x? nfO{ c;/ kfb}{g.

\Wide area network (WAN)

/l8of] j]e jf dfOqmf] j]e k|0ffln cGt/ut ;]6]/nfO{6sf] ;xof]u jf6 Ps computer sf] data ljZjsf] c? computer df cfbg k|bfg ug]{ network xf]. h;nfO{ wide area network elgG5. o; network sf] computer n] data 100 magabyte sf] speed df k7fpFg ;S5. ol;nfO{ xfld b}lgs h;f] sfd df NofO{ /x]sf x'G5f}F. h:t} E-mail Internet cfbL.

metropolitan area network:

Pp6} b]zleq /x]sf] Pp6f ;x/ b]vL csf]{ ;x/ jf cfˆgf] zfvf sfo{nox? ePsf] s'g} klg ;+:yf x?n] Ps zfvf sfo{no df data jf files x? k7fpg jf file x? print ug{ k|of]u ug]{ network nfO{ metropolitan area network elgG5. lan eGbf 7'nf] / WAN eGbf ;fgf] network xf]. of] ljr sf] network xf].

Lan configuration

Required devices:-

1. nIC ( networking interface card) with driver.

2. Cable.

3. Switch or hub.

4. Connector.

5. Clamer.

What is NIC?

Nic is stab\nds for network interface card and this works as same as modem does the main function of the nic is to assign ip address of the system by receiving and sending. The chunks [packets] of the information cable. It is required to connect with nic and switch [HUB].switch works as a junction for multiple system s and receives packets from one system and send in to the destination and if the destination or source is busy it will indicate on properties box of your system.

Ethernet card:-

Ethernet card of] 56} device xf]. of] ahf/df 5§} lsGg kfOG5. o;sf] ;fydf o;} sf] software sf] cd klg kfOG5. Clxn] ahf/df gofF computer df ethernet card build hf]l8Psf] cfPsf] 5. O;l/ hf]l8Psf] ethernet card sf] software klg motherbord df g} xG5. Kl5 hf8\g kg]{ device nfO{ extranal ethernet card elgG5.

Cable:-

Cable eg]sf] Pp6f tf/ xf]. h;sf] dfWod eP/ Ps network device af6 csf]{ device ;Dd data kUgsf] nflu ;xof]u u5{.

O;sf] k|of]u computer , laBt cflb d fug{ ;lsG5. To;}n] o;sf] dxTj klg w]/} 5. of] cable x? a9L LANS df k|of]u ul/G5. ;a} network df Ps} k|sf/sf] cable k|of]u ul/Psf] xb}g. Tof] network sf] topology, protocol / size df km/s km/s xG5.

The following sections discuss the types of cables used innetworks and other related topics.

1. Unshielded twisted pair (utp)cable.

2. Shielded twisted pair (stp) cable.

3. Colaxial cable.

4. Fiber optic cable.

5. Wireless lans.

6. Installing cable-some Gidelines.

Unshieleded twisted pair (UTP) cable.

Twisted pair cable shieleded / unshieleded ul/ bO{ k|sf/sf] xG5. Unshieleded twisted pair (UTP) popular cable sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5. Normal networks sf] nflu /fd|f] option dflgG5.

Lrq

Unshieleded twisted pair cable u0f:tl/o high – speed ePsf] cable xf]. of] telephone – qrade sf] tf/sf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5. O;df four pair sf] wire sf] k5fl8 jachet xG5. Each pair is twisted with a different number of twists per inch to help eliminate interference from adjacent pairs and other electrical devices the ETA / TIA (Electronic industry association /telecommunication industry association) has established standards of utp and rated five categories of wire.

Categories of unshielded twisheed pair.

Type

Use

Category 1

Voice only (telephone wire)

Category 2

Data to 4 mbps (local talk)

Category 3

Data to 10 mbps (Ethernet)

Category 4

Data to 20 mbps (16 mbps tokenring)

Category 5

Data to 100 mbps (ethernet)

Shihelded twisted pair (stp) cable

A disadvantage of utp is thatit may be susceptible to radio and electrical frequency interference, shielded twisted (stp) is suitable for environments with electrical interference, however, the extra shieldeding can make the cables quite bulky. Shielded twishted pair is often used on networks using token ring topology.

Coaxial cable

Lrq

Coaxial cable connectors

Picture

Fiber optic cable

Picture

Facts about fiber optic cables;

1. Outer insulating jacket is made of Teflon or pvc.

2. Keviar fiber helps to strengtihen the cable and prevent breakage.

3. A platic coating is used to cushion the fiber center.

4. Center (core) is made of glass or plastic fibers.

Ethernet cable summary

Specification

Cable type

Maximum length

10base T

Unshielded twisted pair

100 meters

10base 2

Thin coaxial

185 meters

10base 5

Thick coaxial

500 meters

10base F

Fiber optic

2000 meters

Concentrators/ HUBs:_

A concentrators is a device that provides a central connection point for cables from workstations, servers,and peripherals. In a star topology, twisted-pair wire is run from each workstations to a central concentrator. Hubs are multislot concentrators into which can be plugged a number of multi – port cards to provide additional access as the network grows in size. Some concentrators are passive, that is they allow the signal to pass from one computer to another without any change. Most concentrators are active, that is they electrically amplify the signal as it moves from one device to another. Active concentrators are used like repeaters to extend the length of a network. Concentrators are used like repeaters to extend the length of a network. Concentrators are.

Pictuter

1. Usually configured with 8,12 or 24, Rj-45 ports.

2. Often used in a star or star- wired ring topology.

3. Sold with specialized for port management.

4. Also called hubs.

5. Usuallty installed in a standardized metal rack that also may store netmodems bridges, or routers.

Ethernet card hf]8\g] tl/sf.

1. s'g} klg drive hf]8\g kbf{ computer off ug'{ k5{. To;}n] ;a}eGbf klxnf computer off ug'{xf];.

2. Computer sf] cpu box df hf]l8Psf] tf/x? nfO{ /fd|f] ;Fu 5'6fpg' xf];\.

3. Cpu box sf] ;fO{8x? sf] g6 X? la:tf/} /fd|f] ;Fu vf]Ng'xf];\.

4. Casuning box sf] cover lgsfNg' xf];\.

5. Moterbord ePsf] slot nfO{ /fd|f] ;Fu ;kmf ul/ la:tf/} xf]l;of/ ;fy ethernet card nfO{ motherborad sf] slot df /fVg].

6. To;kl5 cpu box jf causing box sf] 8slg nufO{ klxnf sf] h:tf] ul/ g6x? s;]/ aGb ug]{.

7. ;a} mouse keyboard , power supply printer speaker cflb sf] ware/ cable /fd|f] ;Fu hf]8\g]. / eathernet card df Rj 45 ePsf] tf/ hf]8\g] .

Rj 45

Dffly sf] h:tf] lrq ePsf] device nfO{ rj elgG5.

Rj klg laleGg k|sf/sf] xG5. t/ Rj 45 eg] internet sf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5.

1. Klxnf cfjZos cg';f/ tf/ lng'xf];\.

2. Tff/nfO{ a/fa/ ul/ sf6\g] / s]lx efu tf/ nfO{ sa/ ul/Psf] efu af6 aflx/ lgsfNg].

3. O;df ePsf] cf7cf]6f tf]/ dWo] ;a} sf] half / full color ePsf] x'G5. ;a} colour ePsf] tf/ nfO{ half / full, half / full ub{} ldnfpg' xf];\. Pp6} colour ePsf] tf/ nfO{ uf9f /ftf], lkmSsf /ftf], uf9f xl/of], lkmSsf xl/of] ul/ ldnfP/ /fVg' k5{. O;l/ s|d;} ldnfPsf] tf/ nfO{ rj 45 df 3';fg]{.

4. To;kl5 clamper df tf/df /fv]sf] rj 45 nfO{ clamper leq ldnfP/ /fv]kl5 clamper n] a];l/ lyRg]. o;f] ubf{ tf/ rj 45 af6 aflx/ lg:sg kfpb}g. o;l/ hf]l8Psf] Rj 45 nfO{ computer sf] Ethernet card df hf]8\g].

Oval Callout: lrq gF % 68573-connect-computer-small

Network configuration:-

Steps:-

1. Nic card active 5 5}g r]s ug]{. Olb l7s 5 eg] xl/of] /Fusf] alQm blink u5{. Olb Nic card active 5}g eg] /ftf] /Fudf alQ an]sf] b]lvG5.

2. Nic card sf] priver instull gu/]sf] sf/0fn] klg o:tf] xG5.

3. Nic card lalu|Psf] sf/0fn] . laz]if ul/ nic card motherboard ;Fu} building xG5 / To;sf] driver klg motherboard sf] cd ;Fu} kfOG5. Driver sf] software install ug]{.

Network driver install ug]{ tl/sf.

1. Nic card computer sf] motherboard df /fVg].

2. To;kl5 computer on ug{]. Clg nic card /flvPsf] t/ active gePsf] massage taskbar df b]lvG5.

3. S]lx a]/ klv{g] clg Pp6f install ug{] wizard b ox b]lvG5.

4. To; box df internet connect ug{] ls eGg] df tick ul/Psf] eP To;nfO{ x6fpg] / last option df tick ug]{ / next ug{].

5. Ca driver sg drive df 5 To;sf] location ToxfF provide ug{]. For e.g. cd or d:, e:……

6. km]l/ next ug{] ca driver search ug{ yfN5. Olb driver e]]l6of] eg] To; box df massage b]lvG5. Driver sf] gfd ;Fu} olb e]l6Pg eg] klg ge]l6Psf] message b]lvG5. Olb driver e]l6of] eg] fnishd df click ug]{. t/ driver install ug]{ recommend ul/Pg eg] To; driver install gug]{ olb by force install ul/of] eg] computer df hardware problem b]lvG5. / computer n] sfd klg ug{ 5f]8\5.

Driver properly install 5 5}g check ug{] tl/sf.

1. my computer df right click ug{xf];\.

2. Properties nfO{ select ug]{. Clg hardware df click ug{xf];\. To;kl5 device manager vf]Ng].

3. Derive manager box df network a adaptec df click ul/ nic card df druble click ug{xf];\. Ca csf{] box b]vfk5{.

4. To; box df status check ug]{ olb status df this device is working properly ug]{ 5. eg] l7s 5. 5}g eg] klxnfs} steps x? flow ug]{.

TCP/IP configuring:-

local area df networking workgroup agfP/ file searing ug]{ tl/sf.

1. computer sf] desktop df /x]sf] my network place dfly right buttion click ug{'xf];\.

2. open df click ug{'xf];\.

3. To;kl5 set up a home or small office network df click ug{'xf];\.

Rounded Rectangular Callout: click here

4. next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

5. . next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

6. network setup wizard b]lvG5. To;df local area connection realtek df click ug{'xf];\.

7. ignore disconnected network hardware df tick nufpg'xf];\.

8. next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

9. next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

10. computer descripton type ug]{. compter sf] name df eg] networ group df ePsf] computer sf] name km/s km/s x'g'k5{. h:t} computer1, computer2,................ jf a, b,..... cfbL.

11. next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

12. workgroup agfPsf] 7fpFsf] name type ul/ next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

13. next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

14. . next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

15. file x? copy x'gyfN5.

16.use the network setup disk i already have df tick nufO{ next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

17. next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

18. . finish buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

Tcp/ip eg]sf] s] xf] <

tcp/ ip eg]sf] transmission control protocol xf]. ip sf] cy{ internet protocol xf]. of] protocol lagf computer df data x? Ps computer af6 csf]{ computer df transfor ug{ ;lsb}g.To;}n] of] clt cfjZos 5. O;n] protocol network df /x]sf] computer tyf cGo laBlto ;~rf/ pks/0fx? Sf] lard f ;dGjg ug{] sfd ub{5. Internet protocol sf] sfd networking df /x]sf computer af6 8f6fx? Cfbg k|bfg ug{ o;sf] dVo sfd xf]. af:tjdf internet df s'g} vf; computer nfO{ pQm computer sf] ip address sf] cfwf/df lrlgG5. / dfq data x? lgb]{lzt ul/Psf computer ;dIo k'U5.

Internet sf] networking df ul/Psf s/f}8f}F computer sf] kl/ro ip address n] lbG5. t/ ip address km/s km/s x'G5. Tcp (transmission control protocol n] data nfO{ Kofs]6 df laeflht u/]/ data cfbg k|bfg x'bf l7s ;Fu lgb]{lzt :yfgdf k'U5. ls k'Ub}g elg Wofg lbg'xf];\. o;n] tcp n] 8f6f cfbg k|bfg df laZjfzlgtf, qmldstf tyf 8f6f k|afx lgoGq0f ug{]sfd ub{5. Olx 8f6f k7fPsf] csf{] computer df k'u]kl5 computer n] data k7fPsf] computer nfO{ confirmation k7fpg] sfd u5{. Internet ;~rf/ k|0fflndf tcp/ip afx]s cGo protocol x? sf] klg k|of]u ul/G5. h:t} smtp, htpp, ftp cflb.

TCP/IP confiquring:-

TCP/IP;- transmission control protocol/ internet protocol is an address of a particular system top is used to control the how of data and ip represent the address of that machine.

Steps:-

1. Instull ul/ ;s]kl5 tkfOsf] task bar sf] I con df nic driver n] sfd ul//xsf] jf gu/]sf] lrGg b]lvG5.

2. To; icon df duble click ug{'xf];. / properties box df click ul/ check ug{'xf];. To;df tkfO{ n] send / receive ePsf] information connectivity eO{/x]sf] b]lvG5.

Ip range nfO{ ltg efu df laefhg ug{ ;lsG5.

1. Class A

2. Class B

3. Class c

Class A

Ip: 127.0.0.0

Subnet mark : 25.0.0.0

internet protocol (TCP/IP) df select ul/ properties df click ug{'xf];\.

ca ip address /fVg' xf];\.

Class b:-

Ip: 172.24.0.0

Subnet mark: 255.0.0.0

O;df ip range Pp6} b]zsf zx/ zx/ h:t} sf7df08f}F / kf]v/f h:tf zx/df data transfor ug{ sf] nflu dflysf] ip address sf] k|of]u ul/G5.

Class c:

Ip : 192.168.0.0

Subnet mark: 255.255.255.0

For lan confrquration class c ip is preferable. of] local area networking sf] o;sf] k|of]u ul/G5. h:t} pbfx/0f sf nflu cyber nfO{ lng ;lsG5.

To access network sharing:

The network class must be same file sharing for Microsoft must be active.

Now on the properties box check the component

9. File sharing.

10. Network for Microsoft client.

11. Tcp/ip configuration df duble click ug{xf];. / set your ip on follows.

Ip: 192.168.0.1 : this can be change frequently for every system after that just press tab key will avtomatically a ssign a subnet marsk do no thing and click ok buttion.

A subnet mask is set to identify which clons of network you have you can’t access any file if your class type if different and that is called different network group on 192.168.0.0 ip class you canconnect 255 computer.

File & drive sharing ug{.

1. sharing ug]{ file jf drive nfO{ select ug'{ xf];\.

2. To;dfly right buttion click ug{'xf];\.

3. sharing and security df click ug{'xf];\.

4. if you understand the risk df click ug{'xf];\.

5. share this folder on the network df click ug{'xf];\.

6. apply df click ul/ ok buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

7. sharing ePsf] file jf drive df o:tf] b]lvG5.

Connecting internet

Dial - up networking setting ug]{ tl/sf.

1. modem install ug{'xf];\.

2.start buttion df click u/]/ control panel open ug{'xf];\.

3. network and internet options icon df click ug{'xf];\.

4.connection buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

5. Setup buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

6. next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

7. connect to the internet option df tick nufO{ next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

8. set up my connection manually df tick nufO{ next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

9. connect using a dial- up modem df tick nufO{ next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

10. Device nfO{ select ul/ next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

11. isp name ;'ljwf lnPsf] company sf] gfd n]Vg' xf];\. h:t} nepal telecom / next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

12. internet sf] nflu hf]l8Psf] kmf]g g+ type ul/ next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

13. o;df ISP company n] lbPsf] user name/ password type ul/ next buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

14. add a shortcut to this connection to my desktop df tick nufO{ fnish buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

15. cj start buttion df click ul/ setting x'b} connect to df uP/ tkfO{n] jgfPsf] dial-up connection df click ug{'xf];\.

16. o;df user Name/ password type ul/ Dial df df click ug{'xf];\. cj internet rnfpg ;Sg'x'G5. s]xL ;xof]u k/]df help df click ug{'xf];\.

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1. .start buttion df click u/]/ control panel open ug{'xf];\.

2. phone and modem nfO{ open ug{'xf];\.

3. modem df click ug{'xf];\.

4. Add df click ug{'xf];\.

5. don't delet my modem i will select it from a list df l6s nufP/ next df click ug{'xf];\.

6. standard 33600 bps modem nfO{ select ug{'xf];\. / next df click ug{'xf];\.

7. o;df com1 port 5fGg'xf];\. / next df click ug{'xf];\.

8. finish buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

9. properties df click ug{'xf];\.

10. modem df click ug{'xf];\.

11. maximum port speed df 115200 nfO{ select ug'{xf];\.

12. Advanced df click ug{'xf];\. / change Defaultprefences df click ug{'xf];\.

13. flow control df none select ug{'xf];\. ok buttion df df click ug{'xf];\.

Ruim Card jf6 internet rnfpg] tl/sf.

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GPRS Configuration Manual

General Packet Radio Service offer 'always-on', higher capacity, Internet-based content and packet-based data services. GPRS enables services such as Internet browsing, e-mail on the move, multimedia messages. GPRS offers complete solutions through which you can always stay online and get connected with family, friends.

How to Access GPRS?

Following are the pre requisites to utilize GPRS on your handset

1. GPRS compatible handset or mobile devices
2. Service activated on your mobile number
3. Respective handset / mobile GPRS settings on your handset

GPRS - Prepaid Tariff
GPRS Subscription Charge : Rs 100
Use-based Charge: Rs 0.01/ 1 KB

GPRS - Postpaid Tariff
GPRS Subscription Charge : Rs 100
Rental Charge : Rs 600 ( includes unlimited data usage)
MMS Charge : Rs 4/MMS

Basic Setting Parameters for GPRS & MMS

Proxy Server :- 192.80.7.133, Port :- 8000

For accessing internet/WAP through your mobile handset :-
GPRS APN :- ntwap
GPRS Home Page :- http://wap.ntc.net.np (You can use your favorite site link also)more...

For accessing internet through computer by using GPRS service in your mobile phone :-
APN :- ntnet
Leave Username, Password and any other fields blank.more...

For sending and receiving MMS :-
MMS APN :- ntmms
MMS Home Page/Server Address :- 192.80.11.180

setting for nokia,sony-ericsson,chinese,motorola,samsung,lg,spice,t-mobile,
i-phone,htc,02,mitsubishi,black-berry

Setting I for Nokia (2626,2600,2760, 3110, 3120,3600, Xpress Music 5200, 5220, 5300, 5610,5310, 6030, 6070, 6080,6085, 6151, 6233, 6280, 6300,6500 Slide,6600,6220,7210, 7360, ...)
1. Enter the main menu.
2. Select Settings, configuration, personal config. setting
3. Add new (From options)
4. Select Web and provide details
  a. Account name: Ntc
  b. Homepage: http://wap.ntc.net.np
  c. Leave User name and Password field blank.
  d. Preferred access point: No
5. Then define access point settings
  a. Proxy: Enable
  b. Proxy Address:192.80.7.133
  c. Proxy port: 8000
  d. Data bearer: Packet data.
6. Select Bearer settings.
  a. Packet data access point: ntwap
  b. Authentication type as Normal.
  c. Leave other fields as it is.
7. Finally, activate the above created web
8. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet with NT Mobile GPRS service.

Note: In case if if third applications(like operamini,ebuddy,mig33) don't work, follow these steps:

1. Repeat the above steps upto 3

2. Select Access point and provide details

a. Account Name: Ntc

b. Go to Access point settings;

c. Data bearer: Packet data

d. Go to Bearer settings:

e. Packet data access point: ntnet

f. Network type: IPv4

g. Authentication type: Normal

h. Leave other fields as blank

3. Save the settings and activate it

4. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet.

Setting II for Nokia (N70, N72, N73, N76, N81, N93, N95, E63, E65, E71, E90, 3230, 3250, 5700 Xpress Music, 6120c, 6600, 6630, 6680, 7610, ...), LG-KT610
1. Enter the main Menu, Tools, Settings, Connection
2. Select Access points and go to options and then new access point with default settings
  a. Connection Name: Ntc
  b. Data bearer: Packet Data/GPRS
  c. Access point name: ntwap
  d. Leave username and password fields as it is
  e. Authentication: Normal
  f. Homepage: http://wap.ntc.net.np
3. Select Options on left menu and go to Advanced Settings
  a. Leave other fields as it is
  b. Proxy serv. Address: 192.80.7.133
  c. Proxy port no: 8000
4. Return back to Connection, Settings.
5. Go to Packet Data/GPRS:
  a. Packet data conn: When available
  b. Access point: ntwap
6. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet

Make following connection if third party application is not installing/running

Follow upto point 2
1.Connection name: Ntnet
2.Access point: ntnet
3.Authentication: Normal
4.Use this setting when the third party application request for connection.

Setting for Nokia 3120

1. Go to Menu, Services, Settings

2. Go to Connection Settings

3. Edit one of the settings

a. Settings Name: Ntc

b. Homepage: http://wap.ntc.net.np

c. Session Mode: Permanent

d. Connection Security: off

e. Data Bearer: GPRS

f. Select Bearer Settings

g. GPRS Connection: When needed

h. GPRS access point: ntwap

i. IP address: 192.80.7.133

j. Authentication Type: Normal

k. Leave username and password blank

4. Save the settings and return back to menu

5. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet

Setting for Nokia 5800

1. Menu

2. Setting

3. Connectivity

4. Destination

5. Access Point

a. Automatically check for available access point

b. Yes

c. Name: NTC

d. Select wap services

6. Then go to wap services

7. Option-Edit

a. Connection name: NTC

b. Access point name: ntwap

c. Authentication : normal

d. Option-Advanced setting

i.proxy address: 192.80.7.133
ii.proxy port: 8000

8. Back

9. Option –new access point

10. Automatically check for available access point

11. Yes

12. Provide name: ntnet

13. Access point name: ntnet

14. Authentication: normal

15. Back, Back.

Setting I for Sony Ericsson (K330i, K530i, K550i, K580i, K608i, K700i, k750i, k770i, K790i, K800i, W200i, W350i, W380i, W580i, W800i, W810i, W850i, W880i, S500i, Z550, ...)
1. Enter the main Menu, Settings, Connectivity
2. Select Data communication, Data accounts
3. Create New account (Select PS Data/GPRS)
  a. Account Name: Ntc
  b. Enter APN: ntwap
  c. Leave the username and Password field blank
  d. Press Save. (New packet data account created)
4. Return back to Connectivity and select Internet settings
5. Go to Internet Profiles and add new profile
  a. Enter Name: Ntc
  b. Connect using: Ntc(select the account created)
  c. Save the profile (New profile is created)
6. Select the profile just created and go to More, Settings
  a. Change Use Proxy: Yes
  b. Proxy Address: 192.80.7.133
  c. Port number:8000
  d. Leave Username and password field blank
  e. Save the profile and finally activate it
7. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet

Setting II for Sony Ericsson (K850i, W910i, G705, ...)
1. Enter the main Menu, Settings, Connectivity
2. Go to Internet settings
3. Select Connect using:
  a. Add new Data Accounts, PS data
  b. Give Name: Ntc
  c. APN: ntwap
  d. Press Save (New packete data account created)
4. Return back and edit the data account again
  a. Leave other fields as it is.
  b. Edit Proxy Settings
  c. Set proxy on
  d. Same for all servers: on
  e. Go to HTTP
  f. Leave username and password field blank
  g. Proxy address: 192.80.7.133, Port: 8000
5. Save the settings
6. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet.

Setting III for Sony Ericsson P990i, P1i, W950

1. Go to Main Menu

2. Go to Tools, Control Panel, Connections

3. Select Internet Accounts and create new account

a. Account Name: Ntc

b. Address: ntnet

c. Press Done and add to group Account.

4. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet.

Setting IV for Sony Ericsson (S302)

1. Go to Menu, Settings

2. Go to Connectivity, Internet Settings

3. Go to Accounts and create new account

a. Name: Ntc

b. Homepage: http://wap.ntc.net.np

c. Preferred connect: PS

d. Proxy: Use, Yes

e. Leave login and password blank

f. Proxy Address: 192.80.7.133

g. Port: Insecure, Port No: 8000

h. Select PS data:

i. Leave Login and password blank

ii. APN: ntwap

4. Go back to Menu, Internet and Internet Settings

5. Go to Accounts and select the created account 'Ntc'

6. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet

Setting for Chinese set:

1. Enter the main menu.

2. Select Services, Data account, GPRS.

3. Edit any of the existing Data Account.

a. Provide Account name:Ntc

b. APN: ntwap

c. Leave User Name and Password field blank

d. Authentication type: Normal

4. Return back to Services, WAP and Settings

5. Edit the existing profile

a. Rename profile: Ntc

b. Homepage: http://wap.ntc.net.np

c. Data Account: Ntc(just created in step 4)

d. Connection Type: HTTP

e. Proxy address:192.080.007.133

f. Proxy port:8000

g. Leave username and password field blank

6. Save the profile and activate it

7. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet

8. Most chinese sets does not support third paryt application so rest is upto customer.

Setting for Motorola V3, L6, L7:
1. Enter the main menu.
2. Select WebAccess, Web Sessions,
3. Select New Entry.
  a. Name: Ntc
   b. Homepage: http://wap.ntc.net.np
   c. Service Type1: HTTP
   d. Proxy1: 192.80.7.133
   e. Port1: 8000
   f. Service Type2 : WAP
   g. Proxy2: 192.80.7.133
   h. Port2: 8000
   i. Set Speed(Bps) : 2400
   j. GPRS APN: ntwap
   k. Leave everything default and press done.
4. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet.

Setting for Samsung (SGH D900i, SGH E200, E250)

1. Go to Main menu, Browser

2. Go to Profile settings

3. Select one of the existing settings and edit it

a. Profile name: Ntc

b. Home URL: http://wap.ntc.net.np

c. Bearer: GPRS first

d. Proxy: Enable

e. Go to GPRS Settings

f. Proxy IP: 192.80.7.133

g. Proxy port: 8000

h. APN: ntwap

i. Leave Login ID and password blank

j. Save the profile

4. Go back to Current profile and select Profile 'Ntc'

5. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet

Setting for Samsung (SGH Z170,...)

1. Go to Main menu, Settings

2. Go to Connections

3. Create New connection

a. Name: Ntc

b. Access Name: ntwap

c. Auth. Type: None

d. Protocal: HTTP

e. Home URL: http://wap.ntc.net.np

f. Proxy Address: 192.80.7.133

g. Port: 8000

h. Leave other fields as it is and save.

4. Go back to Internet, Browser Settings and select the connection as 'Ntc'

5. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet.

Samsung SGH-i607(Windows Mobile)

1. Go to Start, Settings

2. Go to Connection, GPRS

3. Go to Menu on right bar and Add

a. Description: Ntc

b. Connects to: The Internet

c. Access Point: ntnet

d. Leave other fields as it is

4. Return back to Connections

5. Go to More

6. Press Menu and go to Advanced

a. Internet Connection: Ntc

b. Leave other fields as it is

7. Press Done

8. Finally go to browser

9. Go to Menu, Options, Connections

a. Uncheck "Automatically detect settings"

b. Select Network: The Internet

10. Now restart the mobile set and you are ready to browse internet

Setting for LG (KG 195, KG 200, KG300, KP320)

1. Go to Menu, Browser

2. Go to Data Account, GPRS

3. Select an account and edit it.

a. Account Name: Ntc

b. APN: ntwap

c. Leave username and password blank

d. Authentication Type: Normal

e. Save it and return back to browser

4. Go to Browser, WAP, Settings

5. Select one of the profile and edit it.

a. Name: Ntc

b. Homepage: http://wap.ntc.net.np

c. Data Account: Ntc(created above)

d. Connection: HTTP

e. Proxy Address: 192.80.7.133

f. Proxy Port: 8000

g. Leave other fields as it is.

h. Return back to profile and activate it.

6. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet.

Setting for LG (KE 770, KE790)

1. Go to Menu, Settings, Connectivity, Network

2. Go to GPRS Attach: When needed

3. Go to Network profile, Data Connections

4. Go to Options to create new profile

a. Name: Ntc

b. Bearer: GPRS

c. APN: ntwap

d. Press Ok and save this profile

5. Return back to main menu

6. Go to Browser, Settings, Network profile

7. Add new profile

a. Name: Ntc

b. Homepage: http://wap.ntc.net.np

c. Proxy: On

d. IP Address: 192.080.007.133

e. Port number: 8000

f. Access point: Ntc (created at step 3)

g. Save the profile

8. Return back to profile and activate it.

9. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet.

Setting for LG (KP 110, KG 970)

1. Create Access point firstly as follows

2. Go to Menu, Settings

3. Go to network access points

4. Click options and create new access point

a. Name: Ntc

b. Bearer: GPRS

c. APN: ntwap

d. Leave other fields as it is.

5. Now return back to browser, settings

6. Go to Network profiles, Options

7. Create new profile

a. Account Name: Ntc

b. Homepage: http://wap.ntc.net.np

c. Proxy: On

d. IP Address: 192.80.7.133

e. Port: 8000

f. Access point: Select above created 'Ntc'

8. Return back to Network profiles and activate the created new profile

9. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet.

Setting for Spice:

1. Enter main menu.

2. Choose Setting, Connect setting.

3. Choose GPRS.

4. Edit any of the existing operator

a. Account name: Ntc

b. APN : ntwap

c. Leave user name and password blank

d. Auth. Type : Normal

e. Gateway : 192.080.007.133

f. Port : 8000

g. Press ok and save it.

5. Return back to Menu and select services

6. Go to WAP Setup

a. Account: Ntc

b. Connect Type: HTTP

c. Homepage: http://wap.ntc.net.np

d. Auto offline: None

7. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet

Setting for T-Mobile

1. Press Start/Main Menu

2. Go to Settings, Connections, GPRS

3. Go to Menu on right side and Press Add

a. Description: Ntc

b. Connects to: The Internet

c. Access point: ntnet

d. Leave other fields blank and press save.

4. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet.

Setting for i-phone

1. Go to Menu

2. Go to Settings,

3. Go to General, Network

a. Go to Cellular Data Network

b. APN: ntnet

c. Leave username and password blank

d. Data Roaming: ON

4. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet.

Setting for HTC, O2, Windows Mobile, Sony Ericsson P3600i

1. Go to Start Menu, Settings

2. Go to Connections tab

3. Add new Modem Connection

a. Enter Name: Ntc

b. Select Modem: GPRS

c. Access point name: ntnet

d. Leave other fields as it is and finish.

4. Go to General Tab and give name as 'Ntc GPRS'

5. Return back to connections, Advanced Tab

6. Go to Select Networks and edit Network mgmt.

a. Programs that connect to the Internet should connect using: Ntc GPRS

b. Programs that connect to private network should connect using : Ntc GPRS

7. Restart your set and you are now ready to surf internet.

Setting for Mitsubishi:
1. Enter the main menu.
2. Go to wap and then go to setting.
3. Go to wap profile and choose any one of existing.
4. Provide profile name: Ntc
5. Homepage: wap.ntc.net.np
6. select gateway setting.
7. provide Ip:192.80.7.133
8. Enter proxy parameter.
9. provide push poxy Ip address:192.80.7.133
10. Return and select Ntc.

Black Berry

Since we have no any provision for sending the Browser from our operator to access GPRS from your blackberry sets, you are requested to download and install the third party browsers like operamini(http://operamini.com) from your mobile from connecting it to other available medium.

Then make the settings as "TCP: ntnet" in your mobile and you will be able to run GPRS in your blackberry sets.

To surf net with GPRS in your PCs

To download Pc suite

1. www.nokia.com

2. Asia pacific – India

3. Go to Get support and software

4. Select Pc suite

5. Download

6. Choose your Nokia set model and download

Run PC suite

Click Connect- to- Internet icon
Click setting icon
Type of connection is detected(Data cable or Bluetooth)
Next, Configure the connection manually
Next, Access point: ntnet (must be in small letters) , Rest as it is and click ok.
Now go to Start on desktop.
click on Connect to
click on Show all connection
Then go to Pc suite Dial up
Right click , properties
set Dial no: *90#
click Apply.
Then go back to PC suite connect- to- internet and click connect.

Customers are requested to download the following application to effectively run GPRS.

1. Opera Mini : to browse sites and to check mail (eg. Hotmail, Yahoo, Gmail)

2. To download operamini follow the following link.

a. Web address: m.opera.com

3. mig33, ebuddy : to chat and stay online..They support multiple messenger (hotmail, yahoo, gmail, aim) at same time.

a. To down load follow the following link

b. Web address: m.mig33.com

c. Web address: m.ebuddy.com

Note: In case of mig33 and ebuddy you need to register online while installing for first time.
Similarly, you can download other application as per requirement.

1. quep

2. nimbuzz

3. yamee

4. ymtiny

5. morange

6. yehba

7. slick

To download follow the following link:

1. web address : m.getjar.com

2. click on search software

3. Type the name of software you want to search

4. Download the software.

Internet & E-mail

Sms:-

Sms sf] cy{ short message service eGg] a'lemG5. Internet hl8t k;{gn computer af6 mobile phone df 5f]6f] masseage k7fpFg ;lsG5. ljZjsf] h'g;''s} 7fpF df /x]sf cfkmGtx?, ;flyx? ;a} ;+u ePsf] df]jfO{n df internet dfkm{t free sms k7fpFg ;lsG5. h:t} www.figfoot.com , www.wadja.com nufPt laleGg website df uP/ of] ;]jf lng;lsG5 t/ of] ;a} lg:z''Ns x'b}g . o;dWo] www.wadja.com website eg] lg:z''Ns xf]. o;sf] JofVof tnul/Psf] 5.

www.wadja.com sf] k|of]u s;l/ ug{].

Wadja eg]sf] 5f]6f] massage internet dfkm{{t ljZjsf] s''g} klg 7fpFdf ePsf] JolQm x?nfO{ 5f]6f] free sms k7fpFg sf] nflu o;sf] k|of]u ul/G5. o;sf] k|of]u ubf{ k};f eg] ltg{''kb}g.

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gofF accout vf]Ng] tl/sf.

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To;kl5 tkfO{ cfˆgf] account df k|j]z ug{'x'g]5.

To;kl5 tkfO{n] adderss bar eGbf tn inbox, compose, settings, connect h:tf link ePsf] word b]lvG5. To;dWo] compose df click ug{'xf];\.

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clGtddf send buttion df click ug{'xf];\. o;l/ h'g;'s} 7fpF df 5f]6f] massage k7fpFg ;lsG5. of] lg: z'Ns ;'lawf xf].

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To;kl5 tkfO{sf] massage b]lvG5. clg tkfO{ n] cfˆgf] massage k9\g ;Sg'x'G5.

E-mail k7fpFg sf] nflu.

Inbox eGbf dfly composs n]lvPsf] buttion df click ug{'xf];\. To;kl5 gofF web page open x'G5. To;df to df e-mail k7fpFg] JolQm sf] address type ug{'xf];\. Subject df hi, hello h:tf ;Daf]wg word type ug{'xf];\. Subject eGbf tn attach df link ePsf] word b]lvG5. obL tkfO{ e-mail ;Fu} kmf6f] attch ul/ k7fpFg] eP o;df click ug{'xf];\.

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Text are df massage type ul/ send buttion df click ug{'xf];\.

Gmail df gofF account vf]Ng.

Gmail df gofF account vf]Ng sf] nflu sign in eGbf tn creat account df click ug{'xf];\. To;kl5 cfpFg] kmd{df ;a} eg{'xf];\.

Ntc:-

Nepal telicomminication sf] web site af6 lgDg ;'lawfx? lng ;lsG5.

1. Hsb sf] result x]g{ ;lsG5.

2. Ntc to ntc mobile sf] number df free sms ug{ ;lsG5.

3. Gprs af6 internet rnfpg ;lsG5.

4. Slc sf] result x]g{ ;lsG5. cflb ;'labf lng;lsG5.

Ntc sf] web site af6 sms k7fpg] tl/sf.

1. Ntc sf] web site www. Ntc.net.com.np af6 web page vf]Ng].

2. Web sms n]v]sf] df click ug'{xf];.

3. olb tkfO{ n] klxn] g} id agfPsf] eP id / password type ul/ login xg'{xf];\.

8. Reciplent mobile no df sms k7fpg] JolQm sf] number type ug]{.

9. Type your message pelow df message type ubf{ 142 words eGbf al9 xgxb}g.

10. clGtd df send df click ug'{xf;\].

olb tkfOn] password la;{]sf] a]nfdf forget your password df click ug{xf];.

gofF sf] nflu sing up df click ug{xf];.

video download ug]{ tl/sf.

How to download youtube video

1) Choose your youtube video

2) Copy youtube video's url just like...

3) Open http://www.savevid.com/

4) Paste url on savevid.com page and click download

5) Choose and click which format you want to download

7) Click on save

8) Give location on your computer. If you want to rename your saved file rename and click save.

ABBREVATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AC Altemating Current

ACK Acknowledgement

ADD Addendum

AL Artificial intelligence

ALGOL Allgorithimc Language

ALU algorithmic logic unit

AM Amplitude Modulation

AMP Active monitor Present

ANS American National Standards

ANSI American National Standards Institute

API Application Program Interface

APL A Programming Language

APPC Advance Program to Program Communications

ARPANET Advance Research Project agency Network

ASCII American Standard code for Information Inter

Change

ASK Amplitude shift Keying

ATM Automatic Teller Machine

AT & T American Telephone and Telegraph

AUl Attachment Unit interface

BASIC beginners all purpose symbolic instrutions code

BBC Bullentin Board Service

BCD Binary coded decimal

BHCA Busy hour call attempts

BIOS Basic input output system

BISYNC binary synchronous

BIT binary digit

BIU bus interface unit

BSI british standards institution

CAD computer aided design

CAE computer aided engineering

CAI computer aided instruction

CAM computer aided manufacturing

CASE computer aided software engineering

CATV community antenna Television

CBX comuterized branch exchange

CCB cion collection box

CCITT consultative committee on international

telegraph and telephony

CCT computer compatible tape

CCT V closed circut tv

CGA color graphics adapter

CHLL ccitt high level language

CI cluster interface

CICS customer information control system

CLIP connectionless internet protocol

CLNS connectionless networks service

CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductor

CNMA communications network for manufacturing

applications

COBOL common business oriented language

CODEC coder decoder

COM computer output microfilm

CP/M computer program for microcomputer

CPS character per second

CPU central processing unit

CRC cyclic Redundancy check

CRCC cyclic redundancy check character

CRT cathode ray tube

CSMA carrier sense multiple access

CSMA/CA carrier sense multiple access/ collision

Adoidance

CSMA/CD carrier sense multiple access/ collision

delection

DAD draft amendment document

DARPA Defense advansed research projects agency

DAT digital audio tape

DBMS data base managment system

DC direct current

DCE data circuit-terminating equipment

DEC digital equipment corporation

DES data encryption standard

DIBI device independent back up interface

DID direct inward dialing

DIS draft international standard

DIU data interface unit

DIX Digital intel Xerox

DM disconnect mode

DMA Direct memory assess

DNA digital network Architecture

DOD department of defense

DOS disk operating system

DOV data over voice

DP draft proposal

DSAP destination service access point

DSS digital switching system

DTE data terminal equipment

DTMF dual tone multi ferquency

EBCDIC extended binary coded decimal interchange

code

ECMA european computer manufacturers association

ECSA exchange carriers standards association

EDI electronic date interchange

EDIFACT electronic data interchange foe administration

commerce and transport

EDP electronic data processing

EE C european economic community

EFT electronic fund transfer

EGA enhanced graphics adapter

EISA extended industry standard architecture

EMI electronic numerical integrator and calculator

EOF end of file

EOQ Economic order quantity

EPROM erasable programmable read only memory

FAT file allocation table

FAX facsimile system

FCS frame check sequence

FDDI fiber distributed data interface

FDM frequency division multiplexing

FIFO firs-in first -out

FM frequency modulation

FNP front -end network processor

FORTRAN Formula translator

FSK Frequency shift keying

FTAM File transfer, access, and management

FTP File transfer protocal

GB Giga Bytes

GHZ Giga hertz

GIGO garbage in garbage out

GKS graphical kernel system

GPIB general purpose interface Bus

GUI Graphical user interface

HAM Hybrid access method

HDLC High level data link control

HIPO hierarcy and input /processing/output

HSC Hierarchical storage controller

HSLN high speed local network

IBM international business machine

IC Intergrated ciruit

ICMP internet control message protocol

IDE integrated device elevtronics

IEEE Institute of electronically and electronic

engineers

INTELSAT international telecommunication satellite

ISP internet service provider

I/O input/ output

IP internet protocol

IPX internet work packet exchange

ISD international subscibe dialing

ISDN integrated services digital network

ISO international standard organization

ISA industry standard architecture

LAN local area network

LBT listen before tallk

LCC lost calls cleared

LCD lost calls delayed

LCD liquid crystal display

LDDF local distributed data interface

LED light emitting diode

LIFO last-in last-out

LIMEMS lotus /intel microsoft expanded memory

specification

LISP list processor

LAN local area network

LLC logical link control

LRCC longitudinal redundancy check character

LSI large scale integration

LU logical unit

LWT listen while talk

MAC medium access unit

MAN metropolitan area network

MAP manufacturing application protol

MAU medium access unit

MAX main automatic exchange

MB mega byte

Mbit/s mega- bits per second

MHS message handling service

MHZ mega hertz

MICR magnement ink character recognition

MIPS million instruction per second

MIS management information system

MMFS manufacturing message format standard

MML man -machine language

MMS manufacturing message system

MODEM modulator demodulator

MOTIS Message oriented text interchange system

MS-DOS microsoft disk operating system

MSI medium scale integration

MTBF mean time between failure

NAK negative acknowledgement

NBS national bureau of standards

NC numerical control

NCB network control block

NCC network control centre

NETBIOS network basic input /output system

NFS network interconnect

NIC network interface card

NIU network interface unit

NMI Non maskable interconnect

NOS network operating system

NRZ non return to zero

OA Office automation

OBL ocean bill of leading

OCR optical character recognition

OEM Original equipment manufacturer

OOPS object oriented programming system

OR operating system

OS/2 operating system /2

OSI open system interconnection

PABX private automatic branch exchange

PBX private branch exchange

pc personal computer

PCB printed circuit board

PCM pulse code modulation

PCSA personal computing system architecture

PDN protocol data network

PDU protocol data unit

PERT Programme evaluation and review technique

POS point of scale

PROM programmble read only memory

PSDN packet switching data network

PSI packet net system interface

PSK phase shift keying

PSTN Public switching telephone network

PTT Postal, telegraph and telephone

PVC poly vinyl chloride

QBE query by example

RAM random access memory

RAX rural automatic exchinge

RDBMS relational data base management system

RE frame reject

FFI radio ferquency interference

RH relative humidity

RNR receiver not ready

ROM read only memory

RPC remote procedure call

RPG remote procedure call

RPG report progamme generator

RPM revolution per minute

RPS revolution per second

SAGE same automatic ground environment

SAP service access point

SCSI small computer system interface

SDF system data format

SDL specification and description language

SDLC synchronous data link control

SFT system fault tolerance

SIMD single instruction mulit data stream

SIMULA simulation language

SMAP station management application protocol

SNA system network architecture

SNOBOL string oriented symbolic language

SNS secondary network server

SPS Stored program control

SQL structure query language

SSI Small scale integration

STD subscriber trunk dialing

TAG technical advisory group

TAX transmission automatic exchange

TCP transmission control protocol

TCP/ P transmission control protocol / internet protocol

TDM time division multiplexing

TIU trusted interface unit

TMS time multiplexed switching

TOP technical and office protocol

TP transport protocol

TSI time slot interchange

TTS Transaction tracking system

UA unnumbered acknowledgement

UDF user defined function

UDP user datagram protocol

UI unnumbered information , user interface

UPC universal produce code

UBS universal serial bus

UPS uninterruptible power supply

VAN value added network

VDU Visual display unit

VGA video graphic array

VLSI very large scale integration

VSAM virtual storage access method

VTP virtual terminal protocol

WAN wide area network

WATS wide area telephone service

WBS work breakdown structure

WDM wave division multiplexing

WRAM window random access memory

WP word processor

XDR external data representation

XID external identification

XNS xero network service

XT extended technology

XMS extended memory specification

ZIF zero- insertion -force

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Computer Fundamentals

sDKo"6/ sf] kl/ro ( intrdoction to computer)

Windows 98 af6 harddisk nfO{ partition ug{] tl/sf.

1.Windows 98 sf] operating software sf] CD lng'xf];\.

3. Key bord sf] down arrow sf] ;xof]u af6 addvanced bios features nfO{ select ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

7. Save ug{ sf] nflu F10 key lyRg'xf];\.

8. Jff escepe (Esc) key lyRg'xf];\.

9. To;kl5 key board sf] arrow sf] ;xof]u n] save & exit setup df uP/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

10. To;kl5 y key lyr]/ computer sf] CD Rom Drive df win 98 sf] CD /fVg'xf];\. / Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

11. computer restart ePkl5 cfpg] display jf6 2 no:- sf] Boot from CD-Rom nfO{ select ug{'xf];\. / Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

12. km]l/ 2 no:- sf] start computer with CD-Rom support nfO{ select u/]kl5 Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

13. cj fdisk type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

14. To;kl5 Y type ug{'xf];\. / Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

15. cj xfd|f] hard disk df slt j6f drive 5 elg x]g{ sf] nflu enter choice (1) df (4) type u/]/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

16. To;kl5 c Drive b]vfp5. c? klg x]g{] eP y key lyr]/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\. To;kl5 logical Bos Drive b]lvG5. cj back hfgsf] nflu esc lyRg'xf];\.

17. cj drive x? partition ug{ sf] nflu 3 type ug{'xf];\.

18. gofF primary partition jgfpg sf] nflu 1 chose ug{'xf];\. t/ xfld klxnf xfd|f] hard disk df ePsf] drive nfO{ delete ug{ uO{/x]sf]n] Enter choice df 3 type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

19. cj klxnfdf 1 type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

20. To;kl5 volume label df uP/ klxnf volume lable /fv]sf] eP ToxL volume lable type ug]{. g/fv]sf] eP s]lx gul/sg 5f]l8lbg].

21. clGtddf y type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

22. To;kl5 ToxfF drive b]vfp5. cj primary Dos partition deleted ug{sf] nflu Esc lyRg'xf];\.

23. cj csf]{ drive klg delete ug{sf] nflu Enter choice df 3 type ug{'xf];\. / Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

24. Extended Dos partition ug{sf] nflu Enter choice df 3 type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

25. klxnf] df C drive Delete ug{ uPsf] n] c type ul/ Enter lyRg'xf];\.

26. volume df klxnf s]lx klg /fv]sf] geP Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

27. clGtddf y type ul/ enter key lyRg'xf];\. / o;/L c drive delete ug{ ;lsG5.

28. d drive klg delete ug{ klxnf] df d type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

29. volume lable df Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

30. clGtddf y type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

31. o;/L ;j} drive x? nfO{ delete ug'{xf];\. cj Esc key lyRg'xf];\.

32. Tokl5 hard disk df ePsf] drive x? delete x'G5.

33. o;/L dsisplay partition infermation uP/ x]g{xf];\. o;sf] nflu 4 type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

34. s'g} klg drive gePsf] current fixed disk drive eg]/ b]vfpF5.

35. back hfg sf] nflu Esc key lyRg'xf];\.

36. xfld gofF partition jgfpFg l;sf}F. gofF jgfpFg sf] nflu enter choice df 1 type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

37. primary partition jgfpFg sf] nflu km]l/ 1 type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

38. cj proccessing ePsf] b]vfp5. of] completed x'g 100% x'g'k{5.

39. Pp6f drive dfq jgfpg] eP Y g} type ug]{ jf 5f]l8lbg].

40. Pp6f eGbf j9Ldrive jgfpFg] eP N type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

41. cj procesing x'g yfN5. o;df klg 100% k'u]kl5 dfq complete x'G5.

43. cj xfldn] jgfPsf] gofF drive b]Vg ;Sg'x'g]5.

44. csf]{ drive jgfpgsf] nflu 1 type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

45. Extended partition ug{ uPsf]n] 2 type ul/ Enter key lyRg'xf];\.

46. cj ToxfF ePsf] space ;a} nfO{ x6fO{ 30% type ul/ enter ug{'xf];\.

7. Save ug{ sf] nflu F₁₀ key lyRg'xf];\.